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CWC - Unit #2 Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander the Great - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Macedonian King. Student of Aristotle
356 - 323 BC
Greece
Conquered lands from Greece, Egypt, and India, Hellenization

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2
Q

Anthony - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

prosperous peasant who went to the desert to live a life from Christ and pursue holiness
251 - 356 AD
Egypt
Followed Jesus intructions, gave up himself and his desires to go into the desert as a sacrifice; Stressed the importance of suffering for God

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3
Q

Aristotle - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Student of Plato; Greek Philosopher
300s BC
Athens
difference from Plato in that he thought studying the world was an important and worthwhile task; He thought that form and matter were inseparable, therefore research of matter and earthly things was the way in which knowledge could be gained

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4
Q

Athenian Democracy - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

The way Greeks voted as an assembly for laws
400s BC
Athens
This way of voting had a strong influenced on governments that followed, even today

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5
Q

Augustine - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Professor of Rhetoric, Bishop of Hippo
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Spent his life searching for truth and justice; Had a sinful youth; Had 4 conversions; (Manichaeism > Christian Neoplatonism > Heart conversion to Christianity > Theological Conversion); Wrote Confessions

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6
Q

Augustus Caesar - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Julius Caesar’s nehpew, adopted son
31 BC - 14 AD
Rome
Roman ruler after Julius Caesar’s death; Restored the Roman Republic, stabilized the empire for over 400 years

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7
Q

Christian Apologists - Who, When, Significance

A

Christians who made intellectual arguments for their faith
2nd century AD
Interact with culture (ex: Justin Martyr)

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8
Q

City of God - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

A writing by Augustine expressing Christian philosophy of government and history
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Writing about how the Christians should live within a pagan world, influencing the world and not becoming it

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9
Q

Constantine - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

First emperor of Rome
272 - 337 AD
Rome
Legalized Christianity; founded Constantinople; Grew Christianity throughout Rome

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10
Q

Donatism - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

a belief by a group of North African Christians, said the validity of sacraments was based on the preists’ holiness
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Augustine opposes donatism, he says that sacraments are from and about God, rather than the priest performing them

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11
Q

Gnostics - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

A religious group that believed Christ descended into Jesus
2nd Cent AD
They believed that matter was evil, therefore Jesus couldn’t be God; Christ + Wisdom = Jesus

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12
Q

Homer - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Greek Poet
700 BC
Greece
Wrote the Iliad and the Odessey, literature that inspired and exemplified Greek values of heroism and honor into young Greeks as they were educated

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13
Q

Maccabean Revolt – Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Revolt by the Maccabean’s for the Jews
167-142 BC
Isrsael
Revolt by Jews who didn’t want to conform to Hellenization

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14
Q

Pelagius - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

a man who debated with Augustine over original sin
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
He was declared a heretic for his views on original sin. He believed that original sin wasn’t a thing because we were made in Jesus’ image and we should have the opportunity to live up to goodness.

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15
Q

Perpetua - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

a martyr, died for her faith
182-203 AD
Carthage
Followed Jesus’ instructions, gave up her own life for the sake of her faith; was loyal to God over her father and state

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16
Q

Plato - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Greek Philosopher
428 - 347 BC
Athens
Was a student of Socrates, he shared a lot of his teachings

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17
Q

Socrates - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Greek Philosopher that taught Plato; a Sophist
469 - 399 BC
Athens
Pursuit of truth and wisdom; developed the socratic method (truth through questions); believed that knowledge was found within

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18
Q

Tertullian - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Lawyer who sought to make Christianity reasonable to Roman officials
155 - 220 AD
Rome
Warn Christians against heretics; don’t conform faith to philosophy

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19
Q

Benedict - Who

A

A catholic monk

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20
Q

Benedict - When

A

480 - 547 AD

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21
Q

Benedict - Where

A

Cassino, Italy

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22
Q

Benedict - Significance

A

“You have the choice, to obey God or not; his purpose is to motivate us to respond fully, generously, and joyously.”
Promoted a life based on prayer and work
More community style of Monasticism

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23
Q

Charlemagne - Who

A

Supporter of the Church and the Roman Emperor

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24
Q

Charlemagne - When

A

768 - 814 AD

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25
Charlemagne - Where
Aachen, Germany
26
Charlemagne - Significance
wanted to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom crowned "King of the Romans" on Christmas Day in 800 AD Established a formal relationship between the pope and the king
27
Muhammad - Who
a prophet
28
Muhammad - When
570 - 632 AD
29
Muhammad - Where
Mecca
30
Muhammad - Significance
Received visions from Angel Gabriel; His visions formed the Qur'an
31
Christendom
Christ's kingdom on Earth Christian States/Countries relationships with the church
32
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars
33
Qur'an
Islam book on the teachings of Muhammad
34
Feudalism
a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return
35
Manorialism
an economic system built around large estates called manors
36
Islam
"submission to God" Spreads across the Arabian Peninsula (620 AD) 732 AD, spreads from Spain to India a unifying religious message for Arab population Monotheistic Religion
37
Francis of Assisi - Who
Italian Monk
38
Francis of Assisi - When
1181 - 1226
39
Francis of Assisi - Where
Assisi, Italy
40
Francis of Assisi - Significance
Founded Franciscan Monasticism; dedicating life to itinerant preaching, life of poverty and service
41
Hildegard of Bingen - Who
Abbess (leader of monastery for women), composer, scientist, and advisor to kings and popes
42
Hildegard of Bingen - When
1098 - 1179
43
Hildegard of Bingen - Where
Bingen, Germany
44
Hildegard of Bingen - Significance
Known for her visions from God; demonstrates direct spritual experience, visible role of women in medieval life
45
Sacraments - What
a Christian rite that is recognized as being particularly important and significant
46
Sacraments - When
confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215
47
Sacraments - Significance
crucial to a Christian's salvation, acting as visible signs of God's grace and marking key life events
48
Thomas Aquinas - Who
Western Medieval Philosopher
49
Thomas Aquinas - When
1225 - 1275
50
Thomas Aquinas - Where
Italy
51
Thomas Aquinas - Significance
synthesizes Aristotle and Christianity God has revealed truth in the natural world as well as supernaturally 1. Eternal (governs the entire universe) 2. Divine (revealed law) 3. Natural (revealed in nature through reason) 4. Human (laws for social and historical contexts) Beatitude - "blessedness"
52
Averroes - Who
muslim major commentator on the works of Aristotle a chief judge and physician
53
Averroes - When
AD 1126 - 1198
54
Averroes - Where
Cordoba, Spain and Morocco
55
Averroes - Significance
Argued that Islam not only allows, but requires scholarly work study past scholars and work that is already done
56
High Middle Ages - What
A period of growth in the middle ages
57
High Middle Ages - When
1000 - 1300
58
High Middle Ages - Where
Europe
59
High Middle Ages - Significance
Thriving culture; growth of cities and populations; growth of universities and cathedrals
60
Excommunication
a formal act of religious censure that removes a person from a religious community or limits their membership rights exclusion from the sacraments
61
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period AD 1095 - 1291
62
Penance
a punishment undertaken as a part of repenting one's sins a necessary step for removing the stain of sin from one's soul
63
Scholasticism
medieval synthesis of philosophy and theology worshipping God w/ the mind
64
Black Death - What
a disease that spread around Europe
65
Black Death - When
1346- 1353
66
Black Death - Where
Europe
67
Black Death - Significance
75-200 million killed 1/3 - 1/2 of all of Europe Originated in C. Asia; traveled along trade routes
68
Great (Western) Schism - What
Papcy returns to Rome
69
Great (Western) Schism - When
1378-1417
70
Great (Western) Schism - Where
Rome
71
Great (Western) Schism - Significance
Popes and Antipopes; French cardinals select competing Pope Council of Constantine resolves the dispute in 1415
72
Ad Fontes - What
"back to the transcripts
73
Ad Fontes - Significance
recovery of latin transcripts; respect for classical values
74
Erasmus - Who
Christian Humanist
75
Erasmus - When
1466 - 1536
76
Erasmus - Where
77
Erasmus - Significance
78
Machiavelli - Who
79
Machiavelli - When
1469 - 1527
80
Machiavelli - Where
Florence, Italy
81
Machiavelli - Significance
82
Italian Renaissance - What
83
Italian Renaissance - When
84
Italian Renaissance - Where
85
Italian Renaissance - Significance
86
Babylonian Captivity
87
Little Ice Age
88
Joan of Arc
89
Michelanglo
90
Hundred Years War
91
Fall of Constantinople
92
Petrarch
93
Doctrine of Discovery
94
Gutenberg Printing Press - What
a printing press developed by Johannes Gutenberg
95
Gutenberg Printing Press - When
1440
96
Gutenberg Printing Press - Where
Mainz, Germany
97
Gutenberg Printing Press - Significance
made mass printing of documents and books available
98
Protestant Reformation - What
A religious and political movement
99
Protestant Reformation - When
Early 16th Century
100
Protestant Reformation - Where
Germany
101
Protestant Reformation - Significance
Claimed the Catholic Church was corrupt, was led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin
102
Martin Luther - Who
a reformer
103
Martin Luther - When
1483 - 1546
104
Martin Luther - Where
Saxony, Germany
105
Martin Luther - Significance
Was a monk, became a reformer wrote the 95 Thesis 3 Solas Opposed the Roman Catholic Church, challenged the Pope German Bible, very anti-catholic, possibly set stage for the Holocaust
106
Calvin - Who
Started the Calvinists
107
Calvin - When
1530s
108
Calvin - Where
Geneva, Switzerland
109
Calvin - Significance
theological emphasis on human depravity and God's sovereignty individuals should follow God's calling bottom --> up power system
110
Elizabeth I - Who
Queen of England
111
Elizabeth I - When
1533 - 1603
112
Elizabeth I - Where
England
113
Elizabeth I - Significance
The Comprimise - made England a protestant church
114
Anabaptists - Who
Radical Reformers, "Re-baptizers", "Swiss-Brethren"
115
Anabaptists - When
16th century
116
Anabaptists - Where
Switzerland, then Northern and Central Europe
117
Anabaptists - Significance
literal application of Sola Scripture; attempt to model a NT Church; emphasized adult baptism, pacifism, and witnessing by withdrawing from culture; Persecuted by Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists; Separation from the world; Separation of church and state
118
John Hus
1372 - 1415 A priest from Bohemia influenced by John Wycliffe Criticized the Catholic Church and its corruption Was excommunicated and burned at the stake
119
Diet of Worms
1521 Luther asked to recant, but he refused Labeled Luther a heretic People then wanted to kill Luther
120
Sola Scriptura
"Scripture Alone" authority rests on scripture itself
121
Puritans
Similar to Calvinists, sought to simplify the church and move away from catholicism
121
Menno Simons
1496 - 1561 Dutch Anabaptist Leader Founder of the Mennonites Embraces Anabaptist teachings Emphasizes peace and love of God and neighbor
122
95 Theses, AD 1517
AD 1517 Luther's thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral on 10/31, 1517 initial objection to indulgences eventually questions the church's authority spread throughout Europe via the Gutenberg Printing Press
123
Sola Gratia
"Grace Alone" righteousness is a gracious gift from God
124
Peasants' War
300,000 peasants revolting in Germany, influenced by Luther's reformation Demanded better working conditions and reduced taxes Luther sided with those in political power 200-300k killed
125
Act of Supremacy
1534 Monarch becomes the head of the state and church Takes power away from the Pope
126
Council of Trent - What
127
Council of Trent - When
128
Council of Trent - Where
129
Council of Trent - Significance
130
Ignatius Loyola - Who
131
Ignatius Loyola - When
132
Ignatius Loyola - Where
133
Ignatius Loyola - Significance
134
Teresa of Avila
135
Francis Xavier
136
30 Years War
137
Jesuits
138
Bartolome de las Casas
139
"a school for the Lord's service." "we hope to set down nothing harsh, nothing burdensome"
Benedict - The Rule of St. Benedict
140
"have done your penance at the edge of my axe,"
Gawain and the Green Knight
141
"rich and poor; freeman, slave; little child, boy, youth, young man..."
Bede's Penitential (Penance)
142
"fiery light" "inflamed" "burning" "sun" "women as large as a city"
Hildegard of Bingen Vision 3
143
"Muslim" "religion is true and summons to the study which leads to knowledge of the Truth"
Averroes - On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy
144
"natural law and human law" "end of eternal beatitude"
St Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica
145
"God made himself poor in this world for us."
St Francis of Assisi - The Rule of the Franciscan Order
146
"faith alone makes us righteous"
Martin Luther - "Preface to Paul's Letter to the Romans"
147
"peasants" "Nay"
Martin Luther - "The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants"
148
"two kingdoms must be sharply distinguished"
Martin Luther - "Secular Authority"
149
"No one then will be tempted by his own boldness to dare to undertake what is not fitting with his calling"
John Calvin - "The Golden Booklet of the Christian Life"
150
"Turks"
"The Martyrdom of Michael Sattler"
151

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