CWC - Unit #2 Exam Study Flashcards
Alexander the Great - Who, When, Where, Significance
Macedonian King. Student of Aristotle
356 - 323 BC
Greece
Conquered lands from Greece, Egypt, and India, Hellenization
Anthony - Who, When, Where, Significance
prosperous peasant who went to the desert to live a life from Christ and pursue holiness
251 - 356 AD
Egypt
Followed Jesus intructions, gave up himself and his desires to go into the desert as a sacrifice; Stressed the importance of suffering for God
Aristotle - Who, When, Where, Significance
Student of Plato; Greek Philosopher
300s BC
Athens
difference from Plato in that he thought studying the world was an important and worthwhile task; He thought that form and matter were inseparable, therefore research of matter and earthly things was the way in which knowledge could be gained
Athenian Democracy - Who, When, Where, Significance
The way Greeks voted as an assembly for laws
400s BC
Athens
This way of voting had a strong influenced on governments that followed, even today
Augustine - Who, When, Where, Significance
Professor of Rhetoric, Bishop of Hippo
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Spent his life searching for truth and justice; Had a sinful youth; Had 4 conversions; (Manichaeism > Christian Neoplatonism > Heart conversion to Christianity > Theological Conversion); Wrote Confessions
Augustus Caesar - Who, When, Where, Significance
Julius Caesar’s nehpew, adopted son
31 BC - 14 AD
Rome
Roman ruler after Julius Caesar’s death; Restored the Roman Republic, stabilized the empire for over 400 years
Christian Apologists - Who, When, Significance
Christians who made intellectual arguments for their faith
2nd century AD
Interact with culture (ex: Justin Martyr)
City of God - Who, When, Where, Significance
A writing by Augustine expressing Christian philosophy of government and history
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Writing about how the Christians should live within a pagan world, influencing the world and not becoming it
Constantine - Who, When, Where, Significance
First emperor of Rome
272 - 337 AD
Rome
Legalized Christianity; founded Constantinople; Grew Christianity throughout Rome
Donatism - Who, When, Where, Significance
a belief by a group of North African Christians, said the validity of sacraments was based on the preists’ holiness
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Augustine opposes donatism, he says that sacraments are from and about God, rather than the priest performing them
Gnostics - Who, When, Where, Significance
A religious group that believed Christ descended into Jesus
2nd Cent AD
They believed that matter was evil, therefore Jesus couldn’t be God; Christ + Wisdom = Jesus
Homer - Who, When, Where, Significance
Greek Poet
700 BC
Greece
Wrote the Iliad and the Odessey, literature that inspired and exemplified Greek values of heroism and honor into young Greeks as they were educated
Maccabean Revolt – Who, When, Where, Significance
Revolt by the Maccabean’s for the Jews
167-142 BC
Isrsael
Revolt by Jews who didn’t want to conform to Hellenization
Pelagius - Who, When, Where, Significance
a man who debated with Augustine over original sin
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
He was declared a heretic for his views on original sin. He believed that original sin wasn’t a thing because we were made in Jesus’ image and we should have the opportunity to live up to goodness.
Perpetua - Who, When, Where, Significance
a martyr, died for her faith
182-203 AD
Carthage
Followed Jesus’ instructions, gave up her own life for the sake of her faith; was loyal to God over her father and state
Plato - Who, When, Where, Significance
Greek Philosopher
428 - 347 BC
Athens
Was a student of Socrates, he shared a lot of his teachings
Socrates - Who, When, Where, Significance
Greek Philosopher that taught Plato; a Sophist
469 - 399 BC
Athens
Pursuit of truth and wisdom; developed the socratic method (truth through questions); believed that knowledge was found within
Tertullian - Who, When, Where, Significance
Lawyer who sought to make Christianity reasonable to Roman officials
155 - 220 AD
Rome
Warn Christians against heretics; don’t conform faith to philosophy
Benedict - Who
A catholic monk
Benedict - When
480 - 547 AD
Benedict - Where
Cassino, Italy
Benedict - Significance
“You have the choice, to obey God or not; his purpose is to motivate us to respond fully, generously, and joyously.”
Promoted a life based on prayer and work
More community style of Monasticism
Charlemagne - Who
Supporter of the Church and the Roman Emperor
Charlemagne - When
768 - 814 AD
Charlemagne - Where
Aachen, Germany
Charlemagne - Significance
wanted to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom
crowned “King of the Romans” on Christmas Day in 800 AD
Established a formal relationship between the pope and the king
Muhammad - Who
a prophet
Muhammad - When
570 - 632 AD
Muhammad - Where
Mecca
Muhammad - Significance
Received visions from Angel Gabriel; His visions formed the Qur’an
Christendom
Christ’s kingdom on Earth
Christian States/Countries relationships with the church
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars
Qur’an
Islam book on the teachings of Muhammad
Feudalism
a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return
Manorialism
an economic system built around large estates called manors
Islam
“submission to God”
Spreads across the Arabian Peninsula (620 AD)
732 AD, spreads from Spain to India
a unifying religious message for Arab population
Monotheistic Religion
Francis of Assisi - Who
Italian Monk
Francis of Assisi - When
1181 - 1226
Francis of Assisi - Where
Assisi, Italy
Francis of Assisi - Significance
Founded Franciscan Monasticism; dedicating life to itinerant preaching, life of poverty and service
Hildegard of Bingen - Who
Abbess (leader of monastery for women), composer, scientist, and advisor to kings and popes
Hildegard of Bingen - When
1098 - 1179
Hildegard of Bingen - Where
Bingen, Germany
Hildegard of Bingen - Significance
Known for her visions from God; demonstrates direct spritual experience, visible role of women in medieval life
Sacraments - What
a Christian rite that is recognized as being particularly important and significant
Sacraments - When
confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215
Sacraments - Significance
crucial to a Christian’s salvation, acting as visible signs of God’s grace and marking key life events
Thomas Aquinas - Who
Western Medieval Philosopher
Thomas Aquinas - When
1225 - 1275
Thomas Aquinas - Where
Italy
Thomas Aquinas - Significance
synthesizes Aristotle and Christianity
God has revealed truth in the natural world as well as supernaturally
1. Eternal (governs the entire universe)
2. Divine (revealed law)
3. Natural (revealed in nature through reason)
4. Human (laws for social and historical contexts)
Beatitude - “blessedness”
Averroes - Who
muslim
major commentator on the works of Aristotle
a chief judge and physician
Averroes - When
AD 1126 - 1198
Averroes - Where
Cordoba, Spain and Morocco
Averroes - Significance
Argued that Islam not only allows, but requires scholarly work
study past scholars and work that is already done
High Middle Ages - What
A period of growth in the middle ages
High Middle Ages - When
1000 - 1300
High Middle Ages - Where
Europe
High Middle Ages - Significance
Thriving culture; growth of cities and populations; growth of universities and cathedrals
Excommunication
a formal act of religious censure that removes a person from a religious community or limits their membership rights
exclusion from the sacraments
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period
AD 1095 - 1291
Penance
a punishment undertaken as a part of repenting one’s sins
a necessary step for removing the stain of sin from one’s soul
Scholasticism
medieval synthesis of philosophy and theology
worshipping God w/ the mind
Black Death - What
a disease that spread around Europe
Black Death - When
1346- 1353
Black Death - Where
Europe
Black Death - Significance
75-200 million killed
1/3 - 1/2 of all of Europe
Originated in C. Asia; traveled along trade routes
Great (Western) Schism - What
Papcy returns to Rome
Great (Western) Schism - When
1378-1417
Great (Western) Schism - Where
Rome
Great (Western) Schism - Significance
Popes and Antipopes; French cardinals select competing Pope
Council of Constantine resolves the dispute in 1415
Ad Fontes - What
“back to the transcripts
Ad Fontes - Significance
recovery of latin transcripts; respect for classical values
Erasmus - Who
Christian Humanist
Erasmus - When
1466 - 1536
Erasmus - Where
Erasmus - Significance
Machiavelli - Who
Machiavelli - When
1469 - 1527
Machiavelli - Where
Florence, Italy
Machiavelli - Significance
Italian Renaissance - What
Italian Renaissance - When
Italian Renaissance - Where
Italian Renaissance - Significance
Babylonian Captivity
Little Ice Age
Joan of Arc
Michelanglo
Hundred Years War
Fall of Constantinople
Petrarch
Doctrine of Discovery
Gutenberg Printing Press - What
a printing press developed by Johannes Gutenberg
Gutenberg Printing Press - When
1440
Gutenberg Printing Press - Where
Mainz, Germany
Gutenberg Printing Press - Significance
made mass printing of documents and books available
Protestant Reformation - What
A religious and political movement
Protestant Reformation - When
Early 16th Century
Protestant Reformation - Where
Germany
Protestant Reformation - Significance
Claimed the Catholic Church was corrupt, was led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin
Martin Luther - Who
a reformer
Martin Luther - When
1483 - 1546
Martin Luther - Where
Saxony, Germany
Martin Luther - Significance
Was a monk, became a reformer
wrote the 95 Thesis
3 Solas
Opposed the Roman Catholic Church, challenged the Pope
German Bible, very anti-catholic, possibly set stage for the Holocaust
Calvin - Who
Started the Calvinists
Calvin - When
1530s
Calvin - Where
Geneva, Switzerland
Calvin - Significance
theological emphasis on human depravity and God’s sovereignty
individuals should follow God’s calling
bottom –> up power system
Elizabeth I - Who
Queen of England
Elizabeth I - When
1533 - 1603
Elizabeth I - Where
England
Elizabeth I - Significance
The Comprimise - made England a protestant church
Anabaptists - Who
Radical Reformers, “Re-baptizers”, “Swiss-Brethren”
Anabaptists - When
16th century
Anabaptists - Where
Switzerland, then Northern and Central Europe
Anabaptists - Significance
literal application of Sola Scripture; attempt to model a NT Church; emphasized adult baptism, pacifism, and witnessing by withdrawing from culture; Persecuted by Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists; Separation from the world; Separation of church and state
John Hus
1372 - 1415
A priest from Bohemia influenced by John Wycliffe
Criticized the Catholic Church and its corruption
Was excommunicated and burned at the stake
Diet of Worms
1521
Luther asked to recant, but he refused
Labeled Luther a heretic
People then wanted to kill Luther
Sola Scriptura
“Scripture Alone”
authority rests on scripture itself
Puritans
Similar to Calvinists, sought to simplify the church and move away from catholicism
Menno Simons
1496 - 1561
Dutch Anabaptist Leader
Founder of the Mennonites
Embraces Anabaptist teachings
Emphasizes peace and love of God and neighbor
95 Theses, AD 1517
AD 1517
Luther’s thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral on 10/31, 1517
initial objection to indulgences
eventually questions the church’s authority
spread throughout Europe via the Gutenberg Printing Press
Sola Gratia
“Grace Alone”
righteousness is a gracious gift from God
Peasants’ War
300,000 peasants revolting in Germany, influenced by Luther’s reformation
Demanded better working conditions and reduced taxes
Luther sided with those in political power
200-300k killed
Act of Supremacy
1534
Monarch becomes the head of the state and church
Takes power away from the Pope
Council of Trent - What
Council of Trent - When
Council of Trent - Where
Council of Trent - Significance
Ignatius Loyola - Who
Ignatius Loyola - When
Ignatius Loyola - Where
Ignatius Loyola - Significance
Teresa of Avila
Francis Xavier
30 Years War
Jesuits
Bartolome de las Casas
“a school for the Lord’s service.”
“we hope to set down nothing harsh, nothing burdensome”
Benedict - The Rule of St. Benedict
“have done your penance at the edge of my axe,”
Gawain and the Green Knight
“rich and poor; freeman, slave; little child, boy, youth, young man…”
Bede’s Penitential (Penance)
“fiery light”
“inflamed”
“burning”
“sun”
“women as large as a city”
Hildegard of Bingen
Vision 3
“Muslim”
“religion is true and summons to the study which leads to knowledge of the Truth”
Averroes - On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy
“natural law and human law”
“end of eternal beatitude”
St Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica
“God made himself poor in this world for us.”
St Francis of Assisi - The Rule of the Franciscan Order
“faith alone makes us righteous”
Martin Luther - “Preface to Paul’s Letter to the Romans”
“peasants”
“Nay”
Martin Luther - “The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants”
“two kingdoms must be sharply distinguished”
Martin Luther - “Secular Authority”
“No one then will be tempted by his own boldness to dare to undertake what is not fitting with his calling”
John Calvin - “The Golden Booklet of the Christian Life”
“Turks”
“The Martyrdom of Michael Sattler”
