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. > CWC - Unit #2 Exam Study > Flashcards

CWC - Unit #2 Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander the Great - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Macedonian King. Student of Aristotle
356 - 323 BC
Greece
Conquered lands from Greece, Egypt, and India, Hellenization

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2
Q

Anthony - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

prosperous peasant who went to the desert to live a life from Christ and pursue holiness
251 - 356 AD
Egypt
Followed Jesus intructions, gave up himself and his desires to go into the desert as a sacrifice; Stressed the importance of suffering for God

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3
Q

Aristotle - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Student of Plato; Greek Philosopher
300s BC
Athens
difference from Plato in that he thought studying the world was an important and worthwhile task; He thought that form and matter were inseparable, therefore research of matter and earthly things was the way in which knowledge could be gained

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4
Q

Athenian Democracy - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

The way Greeks voted as an assembly for laws
400s BC
Athens
This way of voting had a strong influenced on governments that followed, even today

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5
Q

Augustine - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Professor of Rhetoric, Bishop of Hippo
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Spent his life searching for truth and justice; Had a sinful youth; Had 4 conversions; (Manichaeism > Christian Neoplatonism > Heart conversion to Christianity > Theological Conversion); Wrote Confessions

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6
Q

Augustus Caesar - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Julius Caesar’s nehpew, adopted son
31 BC - 14 AD
Rome
Roman ruler after Julius Caesar’s death; Restored the Roman Republic, stabilized the empire for over 400 years

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7
Q

Christian Apologists - Who, When, Significance

A

Christians who made intellectual arguments for their faith
2nd century AD
Interact with culture (ex: Justin Martyr)

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8
Q

City of God - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

A writing by Augustine expressing Christian philosophy of government and history
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Writing about how the Christians should live within a pagan world, influencing the world and not becoming it

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9
Q

Constantine - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

First emperor of Rome
272 - 337 AD
Rome
Legalized Christianity; founded Constantinople; Grew Christianity throughout Rome

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10
Q

Donatism - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

a belief by a group of North African Christians, said the validity of sacraments was based on the preists’ holiness
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Augustine opposes donatism, he says that sacraments are from and about God, rather than the priest performing them

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11
Q

Gnostics - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

A religious group that believed Christ descended into Jesus
2nd Cent AD
They believed that matter was evil, therefore Jesus couldn’t be God; Christ + Wisdom = Jesus

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12
Q

Homer - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Greek Poet
700 BC
Greece
Wrote the Iliad and the Odessey, literature that inspired and exemplified Greek values of heroism and honor into young Greeks as they were educated

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13
Q

Maccabean Revolt – Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Revolt by the Maccabean’s for the Jews
167-142 BC
Isrsael
Revolt by Jews who didn’t want to conform to Hellenization

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14
Q

Pelagius - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

a man who debated with Augustine over original sin
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
He was declared a heretic for his views on original sin. He believed that original sin wasn’t a thing because we were made in Jesus’ image and we should have the opportunity to live up to goodness.

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15
Q

Perpetua - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

a martyr, died for her faith
182-203 AD
Carthage
Followed Jesus’ instructions, gave up her own life for the sake of her faith; was loyal to God over her father and state

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16
Q

Plato - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Greek Philosopher
428 - 347 BC
Athens
Was a student of Socrates, he shared a lot of his teachings

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17
Q

Socrates - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Greek Philosopher that taught Plato; a Sophist
469 - 399 BC
Athens
Pursuit of truth and wisdom; developed the socratic method (truth through questions); believed that knowledge was found within

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18
Q

Tertullian - Who, When, Where, Significance

A

Lawyer who sought to make Christianity reasonable to Roman officials
155 - 220 AD
Rome
Warn Christians against heretics; don’t conform faith to philosophy

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19
Q

Benedict - Who

A

A catholic monk

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20
Q

Benedict - When

A

480 - 547 AD

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21
Q

Benedict - Where

A

Cassino, Italy

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22
Q

Benedict - Significance

A

“You have the choice, to obey God or not; his purpose is to motivate us to respond fully, generously, and joyously.”
Promoted a life based on prayer and work
More community style of Monasticism

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23
Q

Charlemagne - Who

A

Supporter of the Church and the Roman Emperor

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24
Q

Charlemagne - When

A

768 - 814 AD

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25
Q

Charlemagne - Where

A

Aachen, Germany

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26
Q

Charlemagne - Significance

A

wanted to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom
crowned “King of the Romans” on Christmas Day in 800 AD
Established a formal relationship between the pope and the king

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27
Q

Muhammad - Who

A

a prophet

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28
Q

Muhammad - When

A

570 - 632 AD

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29
Q

Muhammad - Where

A

Mecca

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30
Q

Muhammad - Significance

A

Received visions from Angel Gabriel; His visions formed the Qur’an

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31
Q

Christendom

A

Christ’s kingdom on Earth
Christian States/Countries relationships with the church

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32
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars

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33
Q

Qur’an

A

Islam book on the teachings of Muhammad

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34
Q

Feudalism

A

a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return

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35
Q

Manorialism

A

an economic system built around large estates called manors

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36
Q

Islam

A

“submission to God”
Spreads across the Arabian Peninsula (620 AD)
732 AD, spreads from Spain to India
a unifying religious message for Arab population
Monotheistic Religion

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37
Q

Francis of Assisi - Who

A

Italian Monk

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38
Q

Francis of Assisi - When

A

1181 - 1226

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39
Q

Francis of Assisi - Where

A

Assisi, Italy

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40
Q

Francis of Assisi - Significance

A

Founded Franciscan Monasticism; dedicating life to itinerant preaching, life of poverty and service

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41
Q

Hildegard of Bingen - Who

A

Abbess (leader of monastery for women), composer, scientist, and advisor to kings and popes

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42
Q

Hildegard of Bingen - When

A

1098 - 1179

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43
Q

Hildegard of Bingen - Where

A

Bingen, Germany

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44
Q

Hildegard of Bingen - Significance

A

Known for her visions from God; demonstrates direct spritual experience, visible role of women in medieval life

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45
Q

Sacraments - What

A

a Christian rite that is recognized as being particularly important and significant

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46
Q

Sacraments - When

A

confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215

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47
Q

Sacraments - Significance

A

crucial to a Christian’s salvation, acting as visible signs of God’s grace and marking key life events

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48
Q

Thomas Aquinas - Who

A

Western Medieval Philosopher

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49
Q

Thomas Aquinas - When

A

1225 - 1275

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50
Q

Thomas Aquinas - Where

A

Italy

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51
Q

Thomas Aquinas - Significance

A

synthesizes Aristotle and Christianity
God has revealed truth in the natural world as well as supernaturally
1. Eternal (governs the entire universe)
2. Divine (revealed law)
3. Natural (revealed in nature through reason)
4. Human (laws for social and historical contexts)
Beatitude - “blessedness”

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52
Q

Averroes - Who

A

muslim
major commentator on the works of Aristotle
a chief judge and physician

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53
Q

Averroes - When

A

AD 1126 - 1198

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54
Q

Averroes - Where

A

Cordoba, Spain and Morocco

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55
Q

Averroes - Significance

A

Argued that Islam not only allows, but requires scholarly work
study past scholars and work that is already done

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56
Q

High Middle Ages - What

A

A period of growth in the middle ages

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57
Q

High Middle Ages - When

A

1000 - 1300

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58
Q

High Middle Ages - Where

A

Europe

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59
Q

High Middle Ages - Significance

A

Thriving culture; growth of cities and populations; growth of universities and cathedrals

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60
Q

Excommunication

A

a formal act of religious censure that removes a person from a religious community or limits their membership rights
exclusion from the sacraments

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61
Q

Crusades

A

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period
AD 1095 - 1291

62
Q

Penance

A

a punishment undertaken as a part of repenting one’s sins
a necessary step for removing the stain of sin from one’s soul

63
Q

Scholasticism

A

medieval synthesis of philosophy and theology
worshipping God w/ the mind

64
Q

Black Death - What

A

a disease that spread around Europe

65
Q

Black Death - When

A

1346- 1353

66
Q

Black Death - Where

A

Europe

67
Q

Black Death - Significance

A

75-200 million killed
1/3 - 1/2 of all of Europe
Originated in C. Asia; traveled along trade routes

68
Q

Great (Western) Schism - What

A

Papcy returns to Rome

69
Q

Great (Western) Schism - When

A

1378-1417

70
Q

Great (Western) Schism - Where

A

Rome

71
Q

Great (Western) Schism - Significance

A

Popes and Antipopes; French cardinals select competing Pope
Council of Constantine resolves the dispute in 1415

72
Q

Ad Fontes - What

A

“back to the transcripts

73
Q

Ad Fontes - Significance

A

recovery of latin transcripts; respect for classical values

74
Q

Erasmus - Who

A

Christian Humanist

75
Q

Erasmus - When

A

1466 - 1536

76
Q

Erasmus - Where

A
77
Q

Erasmus - Significance

A
78
Q

Machiavelli - Who

A
79
Q

Machiavelli - When

A

1469 - 1527

80
Q

Machiavelli - Where

A

Florence, Italy

81
Q

Machiavelli - Significance

A
82
Q

Italian Renaissance - What

A
83
Q

Italian Renaissance - When

A
84
Q

Italian Renaissance - Where

A
85
Q

Italian Renaissance - Significance

A
86
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A
87
Q

Little Ice Age

A
88
Q

Joan of Arc

A
89
Q

Michelanglo

A
90
Q

Hundred Years War

A
91
Q

Fall of Constantinople

A
92
Q

Petrarch

A
93
Q

Doctrine of Discovery

A
94
Q

Gutenberg Printing Press - What

A

a printing press developed by Johannes Gutenberg

95
Q

Gutenberg Printing Press - When

A

1440

96
Q

Gutenberg Printing Press - Where

A

Mainz, Germany

97
Q

Gutenberg Printing Press - Significance

A

made mass printing of documents and books available

98
Q

Protestant Reformation - What

A

A religious and political movement

99
Q

Protestant Reformation - When

A

Early 16th Century

100
Q

Protestant Reformation - Where

A

Germany

101
Q

Protestant Reformation - Significance

A

Claimed the Catholic Church was corrupt, was led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin

102
Q

Martin Luther - Who

A

a reformer

103
Q

Martin Luther - When

A

1483 - 1546

104
Q

Martin Luther - Where

A

Saxony, Germany

105
Q

Martin Luther - Significance

A

Was a monk, became a reformer
wrote the 95 Thesis
3 Solas
Opposed the Roman Catholic Church, challenged the Pope
German Bible, very anti-catholic, possibly set stage for the Holocaust

106
Q

Calvin - Who

A

Started the Calvinists

107
Q

Calvin - When

A

1530s

108
Q

Calvin - Where

A

Geneva, Switzerland

109
Q

Calvin - Significance

A

theological emphasis on human depravity and God’s sovereignty
individuals should follow God’s calling
bottom –> up power system

110
Q

Elizabeth I - Who

A

Queen of England

111
Q

Elizabeth I - When

A

1533 - 1603

112
Q

Elizabeth I - Where

A

England

113
Q

Elizabeth I - Significance

A

The Comprimise - made England a protestant church

114
Q

Anabaptists - Who

A

Radical Reformers, “Re-baptizers”, “Swiss-Brethren”

115
Q

Anabaptists - When

A

16th century

116
Q

Anabaptists - Where

A

Switzerland, then Northern and Central Europe

117
Q

Anabaptists - Significance

A

literal application of Sola Scripture; attempt to model a NT Church; emphasized adult baptism, pacifism, and witnessing by withdrawing from culture; Persecuted by Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists; Separation from the world; Separation of church and state

118
Q

John Hus

A

1372 - 1415
A priest from Bohemia influenced by John Wycliffe
Criticized the Catholic Church and its corruption
Was excommunicated and burned at the stake

119
Q

Diet of Worms

A

1521
Luther asked to recant, but he refused
Labeled Luther a heretic
People then wanted to kill Luther

120
Q

Sola Scriptura

A

“Scripture Alone”
authority rests on scripture itself

121
Q

Puritans

A

Similar to Calvinists, sought to simplify the church and move away from catholicism

121
Q

Menno Simons

A

1496 - 1561
Dutch Anabaptist Leader
Founder of the Mennonites
Embraces Anabaptist teachings
Emphasizes peace and love of God and neighbor

122
Q

95 Theses, AD 1517

A

AD 1517
Luther’s thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral on 10/31, 1517
initial objection to indulgences
eventually questions the church’s authority
spread throughout Europe via the Gutenberg Printing Press

123
Q

Sola Gratia

A

“Grace Alone”
righteousness is a gracious gift from God

124
Q

Peasants’ War

A

300,000 peasants revolting in Germany, influenced by Luther’s reformation
Demanded better working conditions and reduced taxes
Luther sided with those in political power
200-300k killed

125
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1534
Monarch becomes the head of the state and church
Takes power away from the Pope

126
Q

Council of Trent - What

A
127
Q

Council of Trent - When

A
128
Q

Council of Trent - Where

A
129
Q

Council of Trent - Significance

A
130
Q

Ignatius Loyola - Who

A
131
Q

Ignatius Loyola - When

A
132
Q

Ignatius Loyola - Where

A
133
Q

Ignatius Loyola - Significance

A
134
Q

Teresa of Avila

A
135
Q

Francis Xavier

A
136
Q

30 Years War

A
137
Q

Jesuits

A
138
Q

Bartolome de las Casas

A
139
Q

“a school for the Lord’s service.”
“we hope to set down nothing harsh, nothing burdensome”

A

Benedict - The Rule of St. Benedict

140
Q

“have done your penance at the edge of my axe,”

A

Gawain and the Green Knight

141
Q

“rich and poor; freeman, slave; little child, boy, youth, young man…”

A

Bede’s Penitential (Penance)

142
Q

“fiery light”
“inflamed”
“burning”
“sun”

“women as large as a city”

A

Hildegard of Bingen

Vision 3

143
Q

“Muslim”
“religion is true and summons to the study which leads to knowledge of the Truth”

A

Averroes - On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy

144
Q

“natural law and human law”
“end of eternal beatitude”

A

St Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica

145
Q

“God made himself poor in this world for us.”

A

St Francis of Assisi - The Rule of the Franciscan Order

146
Q

“faith alone makes us righteous”

A

Martin Luther - “Preface to Paul’s Letter to the Romans”

147
Q

“peasants”
“Nay”

A

Martin Luther - “The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants”

148
Q

“two kingdoms must be sharply distinguished”

A

Martin Luther - “Secular Authority”

149
Q

“No one then will be tempted by his own boldness to dare to undertake what is not fitting with his calling”

A

John Calvin - “The Golden Booklet of the Christian Life”

150
Q

“Turks”

A

“The Martyrdom of Michael Sattler”

151
Q
A

. (20 decks)

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