Cultural Influences and Behaviours & Impacts Flashcards
Culture
- Underpins basic attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours
- Influences the way you see the world
Attachment
Affectionate relationship b/w two people
Culture and Attachment
- Differences from birth
- > where people are born
- > who is in room when child is born
- > who assists w/ delivery
Boulby and Ainsworth (1960)
- Marker of attachment in an infant seen as behaviour designed to gain and maintain closeness w/ parent
- Intensity of behaviour could be heightened / reduced by changing environmental conditions
- Attachment is important for the survival of infant
Ainsworth and Bell (1970)
- Strange Situation Test
- > Type A = Anxious avoidant (ignore) - does not look
- > Type B = Secure (Secure base) - Can explore
- > Type C = Anxious Resistant (cling) - resist by pushing
Ljzendoorn & Kroonberg (1988)
- Experimented to see difference b/w and within cultures regarding attachment.
- > 32 samples, 8 countries
- > more differences within than between
Type A = more common in western countries
Type B = Most common in all countries
Type C = most common in Japan and Israel
Saji and Collegues (1994)
- Suggested that early child-rearing practices can lead to difference in proportion of each attachment type
- > tested to see if strange situation test was culturally sensitive
- > investigated findings that high proportion of children raised in traditional Israeli Kibbutzim = type C
-> compared attachment behaviour of children in traditional vs home based kibbutzim.
- -> traditional = 52% type C
- -> Home based = 20% type C
-> More time w/ infants, less clingy
Heuval and Colleagues (1992)
- Asked students from three different cultural groups living in netherlands to:
- -> 5 things about themselves to let others know better
- -> 3 things about a classmate that make them similar
- -> 3 things about a classmate that make them different
- Involved Dutch, Turkish, Moroccan children attending schools in relatively deprived inner-city of Amsterdam.
- Turkish / Moroccan
- > Collectivist Culture
- > Ideas of themselves be in terms of relationship to others
- Dutch
- > Individualistic Culture
- > Expected children to be autonomous and less influenced
Dutch = more individualistic in their answers
Moroccan / Turkish = more social, less psychological
Markus and Kitayana (1991)
Culture and Identity
- Makes distinctions b/w independent view of self and interdependent view of self
- > Independent view = individualistic cultures, detached from environment
- > Interdependent view = Collectivist cultures, interdependent w/ environment
Emotions
- A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one’s circumstances, mood or relationship w/ others
- Involves feelings that characterize a state of mind
- > Some people see themselves in different ways, interpret events differently, feel different emotions
Markus and Kitayama (1991)
Culture and Emotions
- Cultural differences affect interpretations of situations
- > Lead to differences in emotions we experience
Emotions can be divided into two groups:
- > Relate to self (pride, anger)
- > Relate to Interactions w/ others (Sympathy, shame)
- > Independent View of self: experience self focused emotions e.g. anger is ok expression
- > Interdependent View of Self: experience other focused emotions e.g. anger rarely used
Guilt
- > Individualistic Cultures: Performing an act contrary to ones own moral principles
- > Collectivist Cultures: Experience guilt as result of hurting others psychologically
Kohlberg’s Individual Moral Developmental Stages (1976)
- Stage 1
- > Identify bad acts
- Stage 2
- > identify right and wrong, fair
- Stage 3
- > Good girl / good boy, concern for others opinions
- Stage 4
- > Concern for social order
- Stage 5
- > Recognizes differing but equal moral values
- Stage 6
- > Embraces a set of universal, self chosen ethics
Cultural and Moral Development
- Shweder and Colleagues (1990)
- > evidence was cultural bias
- > Levels of reasoning had a western cultural bias
-> fails to recognise the importance of values held in collectivist cultures
Cultural Influences and Behaviour
- Cross cultural approach involves:
- > collaborating w/ researcher
- > procedures carried out same
- > instructions presented in language appropriate
- > interpret findings w/ original theoretical framwork
