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Psychology Year 12 > Anatomy and Physiology of Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Refers to Structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Function

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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • consists of brain and spinal cord inter neurons
  • Spinal cord is an extension of brain stem, co-ordinates reflexes, channels communication between brain and peripheral nerves
  • brain is decision making of CNS
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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Carries information b/w CNS and rest of the body
Made up of all nerves and ganglia outside of CNS

  • divided into Somatic NS & Autonomic NS
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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Conveys sensory info to CNS and motor msgs to muscles

Gathers sensory info from sense organs and sends to brain

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Involuntary
  • Regulates involuntary, bodily functions
  • Connects to the CNS via nerves to internal organs
  • Subdivisions are sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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7
Q

Sympathetic

A

Dominates when under stress
Activates internal muscles to act quickly
e.g. pupils dilate, released endorphins

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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Maintains steady state of balanced normal functioning
  • Restores body to calmness post threat
  • opposite to sympathetic
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9
Q

PNS Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • Dorsal Root: sensory info.
  • Ventral Root: Motor info.
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10
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Most complex behaviours: planning, problem solving etc
    Control of voluntary movement
  • Left part = Broca’s area which control muscles of throat, tongue, mouth jaw face
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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Primary Somatosensory cortex

- Processes: sensory info, motion detection, depth perception, sense of touch

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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Primary Visual Cortex
  • Processes inc. visual sense info
  • Seeing colours, perceiving and recognising objects
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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Primary Auditory Cortex
  • Processing sound
  • Processes auditory information
  • Memory, facial recognition, object identification, emotion
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14
Q

broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Arca

A
  • Responsible for speech production and language processing
  • Damage to B.Area: slowed speech, prevent person from speaking, inability to understand language
  • Damage to W.Area: Loss of ability to understand language, speak clearly but string of words make no sense
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15
Q

External Recordings: EEG

A
  • Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of neurons
  • Produces a recording of brain waves, are analysed and then interpreted
  • Different brain waves detected
  • Can indicate tumors, epilepsy, sleeping problems
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16
Q

EEG advantages and disadvantages

A

adv. = painless, harmless, non invasive, cheap, can be used on all ages

limitations = doesnt detect location of electrical activity
- provides an overview and not a source

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17
Q

Scanning techniques: Still pictures CAT

A
  • Computerised Axial Tomography
  • Scanned images is turned into 3D image of brain
  • Can detect: tumors, strokes, other injuries
  • Can show difference between dmgd & healthy tissue
18
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of CAT

A
  • Less expensive brain research method
  • Non-invasive
  • Some require injection of iodine dye
  • dis: exposure to radiation
  • provides info about structure, not brain activity
19
Q

Scanning Techniques Still Pictures: MRI

A
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Uses magnetic field to create detailed image of brain
  • Detects: tumors, abnormalities

Can distinguish types of tissue more clearly than a CT

20
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of MRI

A

Adv. = shows difference between dmgd and healthy tissue

  • damages areas easily identified
  • non invasive
  • no exposure to radiation

Limitations: - no info on brain activity, expensive, no magnets in machine

21
Q

Scanning Techniques Dynamic Pictures: FMRI

A
  • Functional magnetic resonance Imaging
  • Measures brain function during consumption of 02 by neurons
  • Higher brain activity means higher oxygen intake?
  • Uses large magnets to create magnetic field
  • Able to detect flow of oxygenated blood to brain, as oxygen moves to active areas

BOLD: Blood Oxygenated Level Dependent Signal
- Higher BOLD = Increase brain activity = Increase oxygen

22
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of FMRI

A

Adv. = Non-invasive, no radiation, displays active areas of brain

Limitations= Most expensive, small movements affect results

23
Q

Scanning Techniques Dynamic Pictures: PET

A
  • Positron emissions Tomography
  • Glucose consumption of brain
  • Higher glucose levels reflect higher brain activity
  • Radioactive trace that decays by emitting a positron is injected to body
  • Requires injection of radio-active glucose
  • Measures amount of brain activity that occurs while participant is undergoing task

USED WITH MRI

  • Can detect tumors, other damage, areas of brain linked with reading, maths
24
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of PET

A

Adv: - shows area of brain that is damaged

disadvantages: - invasive procedure, exposure to radiation, does not provide detailed images of the brain

25
Q

Case Study: Phineas Gage

A

Suffered accident 4;15 @ 13/09/1848 in USA
- Filling a deep rock with gunpwoder, large rod shot through his head afterward because gun powder was ignited

Striked him below his left eye then going straight through
- Personality changed to impatient, dishonest, crude, irresponsible, profane

  • Lived for a while afterwards.
26
Q

Animal Research

A
  • Studying animals allows one to make predictions about brain function / behaviour in humans
  • Results can be generalised
  • Researches can manipulate / control environments of animals, study and see affects
27
Q

Ablation - Karl Lashley

A
  • Contributed for studying, learning and memory
  • Surgically removed rats brains but could not find 1 part for memory, therefore memory is not localised to 1 area
  • Can be assumed memory is widely distributed through cerebral cortex
  • Brain is more complicated than initially thought
28
Q

Lesions - Sperry

A

Area of the brain is destroyed / stimulated observing charges

  • Two hemispheres of the brain each contain consciousness
  • Each hemisphere is responsible for performing different tasks
29
Q

Electrical Stimulation

A
  • Procedure
  • Using multiple micro-electrodes in specific areas of the brain
  • Weak electrical currents used in short pulses intended to mimic natural flow of impulses through neural pathways
  • 1954 James Odis and Peter Milner
  • A rat would press a bar to recieve a small electric shock
  • Beneficial effects in anxiety, depression, insomnia and stress
30
Q

Neurons

A
  • Individual nerve cells that receives, transmits and processes information
  • Conveys msgs to each other in the form of neural impulses, electrochemical msgs
  • Are the basic building blocks of nervous system
31
Q

Nucleus of Neurons

A

control centre

32
Q

Cell body of Neurons

A

contains nucleus

33
Q

Dendrites of Neurons

A

Receive msgs from other neurons, transmits them towards cell body for processing

34
Q

Axon of Neurons

A

Carry information away from cell body

35
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulates and protects axons

  • speeds up electrical signals
  • Neurons do not physically connect to another
36
Q

Synapse

A
  • Gap between dendrites and axons in neurons

- Chemicals are released here

37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Chemical substances that carry msgs across the synapse to the dendrite
  • Affect how messages are passed b/w neurons
  • Exercise increases neurotransmitters
38
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • convey messages away from brain to skeletal muscles for movement
39
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Carry messages to brain to be interpretted

40
Q

Serotonin

A

Involved with the onset of sleep and moods

- used in medication for people suffering depression

41
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Involved in complex bodily movements
  • Regulates emotional responses i.e pleasure and excitement
  • Used in med. for people with Parkinsons

Psychology Year 12 (17 decks)

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