3A Communication

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

• Transmission of a message from one person to another

Question 2

Communication Style

Answer 2

• Cultural and social aspects of language
• > affected by socioeconomic background
• > gender
• > culture

Question 3

Bernstein (1971)

Answer 3

• Two forms of codes for working / middle classes
• > Restricted Code
• -> preserving traditional roles and ways of interacting
• -> Working class
• > Elaborated Code
• -> Developed ideas in relation to personal experience
• -> Middle Class
• Believed children in working class families had language deficit
• > Only use inferior restricted code
• > Theory major influence on U.S. education programs

Question 4

Labov (1970)

Answer 4

• Based on work w/ black children from New York who spoke Black English Vernacular (BEV)
• > BEV is just as complex and rule governed as standard English
• -> different not deficient
• -> Nothing more inherently complex than standard English

Question 5

Social background and Language style

Answer 5

• Language styles = differences in language
• > no language superior to others

THEREFORE language is different form of communication

Question 6

Gender Differences in Communication Styles

Answer 6

Tannen (1990)

• Described styles she considered typical of men and women
• > Men = Report talk
• -> Talk to gain and hold attention
• -> Negotiate and maintain status
• -> Similar to public speaking
• > Women = rapport Talk
• -> Establishing relationships
• -> Developing understandings and negotiating differences
• Friction can occur b/w men and women due to differences in communication styles

Question 7

Hedge

Answer 7

• Used to soften a request

- > E.G. “ If that’s okay”.

Question 8

Persuasive Communication

Answer 8

• Involves Trying to change the beliefs, feelings and behaviour of another
• Gaining attention
• > Important to gain attention of listener
• > Timing is important
• Source of Communcation
• > Likely to accept word of people w/ expertise
• > Trustworthiness
• > Fast Talking
• Content of Communication
• > People understand a message and like ideas conveyed = more persuaded to it
• > people react w/ messages presented to them
• > can provoke emotional responses
• Characteristics of Audience
• > Delivery of message will change depending on:
• -> Age
• -> Relationship to speaker
• -> Personality
• -> Level of education
• -> Culture