CUE Bk3 - Social and Economic Issues Associated with Urbanisation Flashcards
How could the social factor of quality of life be measured? (6)
- fear of crime
- % of state benefits
- incidence of crime
- standards of health and access to health facilities
- % of free school meals
- standards of eduction
How could the physical factor of quality of life be measured? (5)
- level of pollution
- vandalism
- incidence of litter
- graffiti
- quality of housing
How could the economic factor of quality of life be measured? (5)
- access to leisure services, open spaces
- % of lone pensioners
- level of income
- access to employment
- % of lone parents
How could the political factor of quality of life be measured? (1)
- oppurtunities to participate in community life and influence decisions
Definition of economic inequality
The difference between level of living standards, income, etc across the whole economic distribution
Definition of social segregation
When groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion or age
Definition of urban social exclusion
Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
Definition of cultural diversity
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
Definition of diaspora
A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
What are some issues within the inner city?
- gang culture
- racism
- lack of social facilities
- high population density
- drug related issues
- higher crime levels
- higher levels of unemployment
- derelict and empty buildings
- poor health amongst the residents
CYCLE OF URBAN DECLINE FOLLOWING DEINDUSTRIALISATION
How is economic inequality shown by :
1. Housing
2. Changing environments
3. The ethnic dimension
- Terraced houses > cheaper > lower value > affordable housing > focused on students and migrants
Gentrified areas > wealth - Victoria era > change in transport/technology (suburbanisation)
Right to buy scheme > thatcher (1980s) > decr stock of housing - Self segregation > economic pressures
IMD
- What does it stand for
- What are the factors that make it
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Index of multiple deprivation
- income
- employment
- health deprivation and disability
- eduction, skills and training
- crime
- barriers to Housing and Services
- living environments
- comparing small areas across England
- identifying the most deprived small area
- comparing larger administrative areas e.g. local authorities
- looking at changes in relative deprivation between iterations (changes in ranks)
- quantifying how deprived a small area is
- identifying depressed people
- saying how affluent an area is
- comparing with small areas in other UK counties
- measuring absolute change in deprivation over time
What are the key findings of the IMB2019? (5)
- 88% of areas in most deprived were also it in the IMD2015
- Deprivation is dispersed. 61% of local authorities districts contain at least one of the most deprived neighbourhoods
- Highest proportion of deprived areas in Middlesborough, Liverpool, Knowsley, Kingston upon Hull and Manchester
- London boroughs had reduction in proportion of deprived areas but 7/10 most deprived still in London
- Most deprived districts regarding income deprivation among children = Middlesbrough + Blackpool
What are the statistics of manufacturing > employees + % of jobs between the late 1970s and 2015?
Late 1970s
5.2 mil (25%)
2015
2.6 mil (8%)
What are the top 3 countries of manufacturing countries by GDP (in millions) + the figure
Where does the UK cone and what figure?
- China > $4,422,042
- USA > $3,327,015
- Japan > $1,269,492
- UK > $618,481
How can poverty and inequality be tackled? (6)
- Living wage
- Provision for schools e.g. PP > extra funding
- Support low skilled workers e.g. upskilling
- Affordable housing e.g. part ownership
- Public transport
- Enforce minimum environmental standards
What statistics show that London is not a fairness commission?
More billionaires than any other city in the world but 29% of the population is in poverty
> 56% of families headed by a non white person
23% of disabled person families in poverty
UK average poverty = 21%
Why is cultural diversity greater in cities?
- migration > incr pull factors
- more job availability > incr ethnic groups > incr services + better quality
- self segregation
What is the world most multicultural city and some statistics?
Toronto, Canada
> 50% born outside
200 ethnic groups
Reasons for regional variation in:
- Liverpool > Irish
- Leicester and greater Manchester > Indian
- Southampton > 10% polish
- Potato famine (1800s)
- Textile industry
- Transport
Segregation
- Reasons for self segregation (choice)
- Reasons for external factors (forces upon)
- Why segregation is generally decreasing
- comfort in own groups
- connections + contacts
- areas which have food from home countries
- arranged marriage
- friends + family
- religion/values/ cultural
- specialist facilities e.g. food, clothing, religion, health
- racism
- only have skills in certain industries
- inner city > affordable housing + HMO’s
- difficulty in accessing loans
- ‘white flight’
3.
- increased laws
- incr exposure
- eduction + gov policy
- balance within public sector positions
