CUE Bk2 - Urban Form Flashcards
What are the physical characteristic linked to urban form?
Shape, size, density, organisation of settlements
What did the government report in 2014 about urban form?
The UK’s urban form is characterised by 64 ‘primary urban areas’. Defined for England as areas with populations over 125,000 and with continuous built up land
What are the 6 largest metropolitan areas in the UK in order?
- Birmingham
- Leeds
- Liverpool
- Manchester
- Newcastle-upon-Tyne
- Sheffield
Describe the large concentric circles densities of settlements?
- High density inner areas
- Medium density outer central areas
- Low density suburbs
- Edge city (green belts)
What factors link to the historically laid morphological forms are present?
- dense, irregular medieval street patterns
- planned radial
- grid structures
- curvilinear suburban layouts
- hierarchically planned New Towns
- urban villages
Physical factors affecting urban form (9)
- climate
- relief
- access to water + water supply
- rivers/lakes
- proximity to natural resources
- temperature
- costal > transport
- defensive landscapes
- fertile soil > rich agricultural land
Human factors affecting urban forms (3)
- trading
- gov policy
- country relationships
What are the 5 sources of flooding?
- Tidal > sea
- Fluvial > rivers
- Surface > due to impermeable surfaces
- Sewer
- Groundwater > deep level water > due to rising sea levels
Salty water > water supply reliant on aquifers
What are the spatial patterns of land use in the urban areas (CBD, inner city, residential)?
CBD
- high density
- commercial use of buildings
- shops in centre + offices
- high value housing + skyscrapers
- limited residential
INNER CITY
- high density
- terrace housing + flats
- industry
- high pollution and crime rates
- brownfield sites > regeneration
RESIDENTIAL > INNER/OUTER SUBURBS
- low density
- (semi) detached
What are some of the key charcteristics of:
+ examples for each
- Out of town retail developments
- Green areas
- Business of science parks
- Industry
- Informal settlements
1.
- on edge away from CBD
- e.g. Merry Hill (Dudley), Cribbs Causeway (Bristol)
- convenience + free parking (not in ULEZ)
- no sense of place/identity
- parks
- e.g. Victoria Era > people from factories wanted open areas
- links to unis
- edge of city > good communication links
- purpose built/modern landscapes
- traditionally next to raw materials
- now outsourcing to NEE’s
- communication links + ICT major feature
- favelas > periphery
What is the burgess model based on?
USA 1923
Prior to large scale use of cars
Burgess Urban Model
- What is the order of the sections of the burgess model
- CBD
Inner city
Inner suburbs
Outer suburbs
Rural urban fringe
PLVI Urban Model
- What does it stand for
- What does this urban model show
- Peak land value intersection
- The distance decay and the main factors affecting land use in HIC’s is land value
The Bid Rent Curve
- What does it show
- What is the correlation between price of land and distance away from CBD
- How much people are willing to spend on the curve linked to the accessibility and worth of the area
- Inverse
The Core-Frame Urban Model
- How many zones are there
- What are the zones called
- 4
- Core, frame, zone of decay (disregard), zone of improvement ( )
Why have many city centres seen an urban decline (temporal)? (5)
- Out of town shopping centres (1990s+2000s)
- Improvements in technology > more online shopping 2020/21
- Post covid > pandemic
- Incr in trade with other countries > imports and exports
- Difficulties with the economy
What has been done to reverse the decline in city centres?
- first 6 months free rent schemes (councils)
- regeneration + rebranding > gov money
- special events e.g. Xmas markets
- links to culture, heritage, history
- referring e.g. pavements, benches, flower displays
- BID, business improvements district
- parking promotions
- food/restaurant/ street markets
GENTRIFICATION
- What is gentrification
- Where does it occur
- Why does it occur
- What does the process involve in terms of the movement of people
- Why did it occur
- A process in which rundown and cheaper areas of the inner city are improved by the influx of wealthier people who invest > not a gov policy
- Inner city
- Deindustrialisation + decentralisation > suburbanisation + counter-urbanisation
- Changing composition > low income groups being displaced by the more affluent individuals driving the process
- initially started in 1960s
- pioneering attitude
- commuting issues > time + cost
What are the edge cities?
Self contained settlements which have emerged beyond the original city boundaries and have developed as cities in their own right > characterised by mixed office, residential, and leisure space
What are fortress landscapes?
Landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion
What measures can be taken to enforce fortress landscapes?
- CCTV
- railing and fencing
- mosquito alarms > <25s
- street lighting
- speed bumps > prevent joy riding and rat runs
What is posy modernisation?
Used to describe the changes that look place in western society and culture in the late 20th century
What is a post modern city mainly linked around + what are the key things which make a city post modern instead of just modern
- Urban structure
- Landscape
- Economy
- Planning
- Culture and society
- Urban government
Concerned with art and architecture
- Multimodal structure + high tech corridors + more developments
- More architecture where it is more of an expression of art than function
- More of a service sector + globalised economy > telecommunication dominate
- Planned in fragments + focus on aesthetic
- Ethnic diversity > high degree if social polarisation
- Encouragement of mobile international capital, public and private sectors working in partnership
