CUE Bk1 - An Introduction Flashcards
What is the current world population? (2023)
8 billion
What is the word meant for change overtime?
Temporal
What is the word meant for change over an area?
Spatial
What is the settlement hierarchy and include figures
- Meta city (20 mil)
- Mega city (10 mil)
- Millionaire city (1 mil)
- City
- Town
- Village
- Hamlet
What is the term meant for when cities and large built up areas join together?
Conurbation
Reasons for urbanisation at high rates (3)
- More/incr quality if jobs and employment
- More secondary, tertiary and quaternary job sector
- Access to services e.g. healthcare, eduction
What processes are involved in urbanisation? (3)
> what occurs which means the population of ciities increases?
- Rural to urban migration
- Frequent migrants = young economically active
- Natural increase
What is the relevance and high importance of 2050?
Expected to be the peak of global population
% of rural/urban population in 1950 compared to 2050 + what is the overall incr in %
1950 =
Rural 67%
Urban 33%
2050 =
Rural 33%
Urban 67%
Therefore 100% increase in projected 2050 figures
What has not occurred which we expected to in terms of mega cities and their part to play in the global population increase?
Not been growth in mega cities. Instead in towns and villages which has caused the figure to grow so much
What is the word for when something doesn’t fit the pattern?
Anomalies
What are the 3 African countries that have an urban population >80%?
- Gabon
- Réunion
- Western Sahara
What are the 7 countries that are projected to contribute to more than 50 million additional urban dwellers each by 2050 and willl constitute together another 20% of the growth of the global urban population?
- DRC
- Ethiopia
- Tanzania
- Bangladesh
- Indonesia
- Pakistan
- USA
What are the issues linked with urbanisation? (5)
> what is missing + what can occur
- Primate cities > core and periphery (one city much larger than all others)
- Housing
- Transport
- Employment
- Social provision
Positives of slums
- strong levels of community
- high levels of sustainability
- opportunities for jobs
- strong sense of culture
- affordable housing
- easier to accommodate family
- high efficiency
- no taxes
- high proximity to everyday services > better then rural areas
Negatives of slums
- unhygienic
- high crime rates
- high unemployment + informal sector
- poor infrastructure
- lack of services e.g. healthcare, education, freshwater
- lack of opportunities
- drugs and gun crime
- poor quality housing (self-built)
- inability to access emergency services e.g. ambulances
Negative impacts of urban sprawl
- incr in population
- incr in pollution (UHIE)
- deforestation
- incr in crime rates
- reduction in biodiversity
- traffic congestion
- incr risk of flooding (impermeable, SUDS)
- incr pressure on services
Key problems linking to urbanisation
- shortage of housing in LICs
- shortage of affordable housing in HICs
- lack of urban services and waste disposal
- unemployment and under employment
- transport issues
What is the method called when ‘potential slum target areas’ are marked into individual plots and basic utilities are installed before residents appear?
Site and service
What does NGO stand for?
Non-governmental organisation
What does SDI stand for?
Slum dwellers international
What is the term for unregulated employment?
Informal sector
Push factors of an inner city
- congestion
- pollution
- overpopulation
- high crime rates
- high density housing (cost)
- high cost housing
- lack of space
Pull factors for suburbs
- more space
- better QofL
- calmer place to live
- more sense of community?
- lack of crime
- lack of pollution
- transport links (parkway)
- green space e.g. parks
What is the difference between blue and white collar jobs?
- blue collar > manual labour
- white collar > professional jobs > higher paid> can afford morgages > moved out
Characteristics of families in the inner city
- strong females
- rented
- smaller housing
- densely populated
- working class
- extended family
- young + middle aged
Characteristics of families in the suburbs
- sparsely populated
- larger housing
- middle class
- male dominated
- owner occupied
- nucleated family
- family aged
What factors allowed the process of suburbanisation to occur? (2)
- Incr transport links
- Better technology
What is the Restriction of Ribbon Development Act?
Developments along transport networks
What are green belts?
Places where there is strict planning control
How many and what % of England is covered by green belts?
- 14 green belts
- 12% of England
What are NIMBY’s?
Not in my back yard
What are the 5 key purposes of green belt land?
- To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built up areas
- To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into another one
- To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment
- To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns
- To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land
What are the key effects of green belt projects? (3)
- See urbanisation, but it is far more controlled
- Mass new housing in 1950+60s
- Increases car ownership
Key facts abd figures relating to the new housing in the UK by 2021?
Population increase by 7% but number of households increase by 18%
Why is the population increase at a slower rate than how fast the demand for housing is increasing? (3)
- More young people on the property ladder
- More sole parenting/separate couples
- Aging and independent population
What are the solutions to the new housing needs? (5)
- Incr the number of people living in homes that already exist (HMO’s)
- Building new houses on brownfield sites
- Allowing building in rural areas and small towns on land that has not been previously developed - greenfield
What does HMO stand for?
Home of multiple occupancy
What are greenfield sites?
Not previously been built on, often on the rural urban fridge or in the countryside
What are brown field sites?
Land that has previously been built upon and is to be cleared and reused, often in inner city locations
Adv and disadvantage of greenfield sites
ADV
- freedom of use of land
DISADV
- destruction of habitats and biodiversity
- no access to immediate resources
- no infrastructure
- harder for planning
- NIMBYism
Adv and disadv of brown field sites
ADV
- lower crime
- decr rate of urbanisation/urban sprawl
- access to resources/utilities
- higher employment rates
- easier for planning
DISADV
- have to clear area first
- more expensive to build on
> high purchase price in inner city
> clearing operation
What is counter urbanisation?
The movement of people from a larger urban settlement into smaller urban settlements and rural areas
What are the 2 distinct trends of counter urbanisation?
(what are the 2 categories of people who move)
- A move to of unemployed (e.g. retired) to rural areas
- A movement of people to rural areas who then commute
Who moves to rural areas during counter-urbanisation? (2)
- early retirees
- young families
What are the push and pull factors linking to counter-urbanisation?
PUSH
- pollution
- high density housing
- high prices
- high crime rates
- congestion
- expensive cost of living + rent
+ transport cost
- noise pollution
PULL
- green space
- larger housing
- incr safety
- sometimes cheaper housing
- lower density
- community spirit?
- better housing value
What factors have helped counter-urbanisation? (4)
- Better technology
- Transport improvements
- ‘White goods’ > labour saving devices
- Rural development plans > focussed on keeping population rural
What are 3 pieces of evidence for counter-urbanisation?
- Incr use of rail station/incr demand for parking
- Incr of new housing
- Buildings converted into housing from an alternative function
What does the model of a suburbanised village show the process of?
A SETTLEMENT IMPACTED BY COUNTER URBANISATION
What are the positives and negatives of rural settlement of urbanisation?
POSITIVES
- incr culture/diversity
- utilities > internet
- volunteers > shops
NEGATIVES
- urban issues around congestion + traffic > environmental > reduce land + biodiversity
- house price incr > problems for young people
- local resentment
What is urban regeneration?
Investment of capital and ideas into rundown city areas to revitalise and renew its economic, social and/or environmental condition
What is urban resurgence? + examples in the UK
The movement of people back into urban areas > generally the inner city but can include the CBD. It refers to both the economic and structural aspect of the city
Examples
- further north you head
- south wales e.g. Swansea
- England e.g. Liverpool, Newcastle, Leeds
Why was urban resurgence needed? (3)
1.Deindustrialisation > loss of manufacturing
2. Globalisation > outsourced to NEES
3. Mechanisation
What is rebranding?
The process of regenerating a cities economy and physical fabric as well as projecting a new, positive urban image to the wider world
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
- terraced/semi-detached housing > high density > little space outside
- high rise buildings
- HMO’s
- large volume of cars
- students/migrants > lack of conesion > antisocial behaviour
- economically > unemployed + boarded up shops + lower attainment at school
- low turn out at elections > disengaged in democracy
What are the causes of inner city decline? (2)
- Economic decline
- Population loss and social decline
Expand on economic decline as one of the causes of inner city?
- 1960-1981 more than 1.6 million jobs lost (with 75% of all job losses nationally)
- growth in service industry > but didn’t fully compensate
- changing levels of technology and space requirements
- globalisation of production
In 1994, Britain inner city had 50% higher level of unemployment
- deindustrialisation + expansion of employment in rural areas and small towns
Expand on population loss and social decline as one of the causes of inner city decline
- 1951-1981 UK largest conurbations lost 35% of population and migration was a key cause
- many people seeking better employment opportunities
- 1960-1970s out-migration led to growth in small towns
- sex selective > mostly men
- spatially focussed > locally within inner city and nationally cities linked to heavy industry
- counter-urbanisation caused incr in population of rural areas
What kind of people move in urban resurgence? (3)
- younger
- better educated
- more affluent
Due to urban resurgence, an economic decline in the inner cities has led to a social decline, what are these issues? (3)
- little/low turnout at elections
- far right groups establishing
- urban poverty
Where in the UK has urban resurgence caused deindustrialisation? + what are these types of patterns called
- Manchester > textiles
- Sheffield > steel and iron
- Glasgow > ship building
- Cardiff > coal and steel
Spatial patterns
What 3 issues caused a decline in manufacturing?
- Mechanism
- Competition from abroad
- Reduced demand for traditional products
- What were the number of employees in manufacturing employment in 1978 compared to 2015
- Why is this data not fully reliable
- Give me a data manipulation
- 1978 - 6,711,000
2015 - 2,658,000 - Population increase
- 2/3 decrease
What are the impacts of deindustrialisation?
- Social
- Economic
- Environmental
SOCIAL
- low school attainment
- poor health
- relationship issues
- antisocial behaviour
ECONOMIC
- unemployment
- under employment
- shops closure
ENVIRONMENTAL
- poor fabric of buildings
- litter
- graffiti
Problems with flats and maisonettes of pre fabricated materials due to urban decline elsewhere and peripheral council estates (4) + what happened in the 1980s and 1990s
- planning controls limited
- often done in a quick manner built on Green Field sites
- poor/inadequate services
- poor transport links to city centre and places of work
1980s and 1990s physical fabric and environmental quality decreased and maintenance costs spiralled
What is property led regeneration?
Scheme involves building and improving property to change its image and improve local environment. Changes encourage further investment often set up by UDC’s
UDC’s
- When were they set up
- What do they stand for
- What were the first 2
- How many in total
- What were they
- Overall aim
- 1980s
- Urban Development Corporations
- London Docklands Development Cooperation (LDDC) and Merseyside Development Corporation (MDC)
- 13
- Large public scale projects using public and private money
- Property led regeneration to improve the environment encouraging people to live and work in the area
CITY CHALLENGE
1. When were they set up
2. What approach did they have and who was involved
3. What is competitive bidding
4. Disadvantages of city challenge
5. Advantages of city challenge
- 1990s
- Holistic > public and private money + local authority and people’s input
- A new types of funding mechanism to come up with an imaginative project and submit a 5 year plan
- most in need, unable to put in a strong bid
- money should be based on need and not competitive advantage
- neighbouring authorities competing against each other
- not clear criteria on which proposals would be judged
- biased and unfair allocation of resources
- competitive element improved quality of proposals and encouraged imaginative ideas
- helped authorities suggest solutions as will as identify problems
- 40,000 houses improved, 53,000 new jobs created, 2,000 ha of derelict land reclaimed + 3,000 new businesses established
What service economies rose in the late 20th century which led to a decline in manufacturing? (2)
- Tertiary financial, retail, leisure, transport, eduction
- Quaternary, advertising, computer programming, software design
Reasons for growth in the service sector in late 20th century? (4)
- Population growth
- Financial services - needed to support manufacturers industries
- Continuous demand for technological advancements
- Richer society > incr demand for leisure + retail services
Problems with movement towards the service sector? (3)
- Long term unemployment due to people lacking skills and qualifications to fill the new posts
- Many positions only part time or temporary
- Inner city locations have been left out > increased city divide
What does rebranding do?
- creates a new identity + image
- incr competitiveness
- more investment e.g. retailing + tourism
- improved sustainability
What does regeneration do?
- physical, economic and social renewal
- incr in environmental and community sustainability
- incr competitiveness
- more investment e.g. retailing + tourism
- improved sustainability
Similarities and differences between rebranding and regeneration
SIMILARITIES
- incr competitiveness
- more investment e.g. retailing + tourism
- improved sustainability
DIFFERENCES
- rebranding creates a new image/identity of a place but regeneration renews and makes a better image
THE OLYMPIC LEGACY
1. What is it in London
2. When
3. Key term linked to it
4. Focus on housing
5. Focus on transport
6. Focus on employment
7. Focus on environment
- The Gueen Elizabeth Olympic Park
- 2016
- Sports led regeneration
- 2800 houses which 1,200 affordable housing only (only 40% of aim)
- Aimed to establish inter national station of the Kent Link but failed
- Aim to create 3000 new jobs (quaternary + quinery jobs). 4600 jobs made on site + 2000 others in the supply chain however businesses employing 11,000 had to relocate. WINNERS AND LOSERS
- Aim to clean up 500 acres of contaminated brownfield. 4000 trees planted, 30,000 tonnes of rubbish cleared + breeding programmes
What were the 3 millionaire cities in 1990?
Tokyo, New York, London
Definitions : the term for a city
1. > 1 mil
2. > 10 mil
3. > 20 mil
4. > 30 mil
- Millionaire
- Mega city
- Meta city
- Not one
What are the trends linked to the largest cities (population) from 1960 tpm 2015 (top 10)
1960
Only 3 cities in Asia are on the list within the rest locating in Europe and North America (HIC’s)
After
Dominated by Asia. Tokyo significantly larger
Why can the actual order of population size vary and not always be reliable? (5)
- Difficulty in doing an accurate census
- Unregulated living e.g. slums
- Need ITC
- Rapid change
- People lack of trust in filling it (census)
What are the 4 types of mega cities?
- Immature
- Consolidating
- Maturing
- Established
TYPES OF MEGACITIES
IMMATURE
1. Definition
2. Info about them
3. Example Including
- annual growth rate
- % living in slums
- % access to piped water
- Growing in an uncontrolled way
- social provision cannot keep pace
- major health and pollution problems
- Lagos in Nigeria annual growth rate (4.3%), people in slums (70%), access to piped water (20%)
TYPES OF MEGACITIES
CONSOLIDATING
1. Definition
2. Info about them
3. Example Including
- annual growth rate
- % living in slums
- % access to piped water
- A city where there is a slower rate of growth
- self help is important
- many people work in informal sector
- Mumbai in India, annual population growth rate (2.3%), living in slums (55%), access to piped water (87%)
TYPES OF MEGACITIES
MATURING
1. Definition
2. Info about them
3. Example
Including
- annual growth rate
- % living in slums
- % access to piped water
- A more formal economy with large service based industries,
- majority live in legal well built homes
- work in formal economy
- advancements in transport, eduction and water systems
- São Paulo in Brazil annual growth rate (1.9%), living in slums (30%), access to direct piped water (94%)
TYPES OF MEGACITIES
ESTABLISHED
1. Definition
2. Info about them
3. Example Including
- annual growth rate
- % living in slums
- % access to piped water
- Stable and effective governments, regeneration and sustainability projects + a range of employment oppurtunities
- London in UK annual growth rate (1%), direct access to piped water (100%)
Main reasons for why some cities have developed into megacities? (6)
- Migration
- rural to urban, younger economically active, high fertility rate - Push and Pull
- main economic (employment), services (eduction, health) - Transport routes
- river coast for trade + limited growth for land locked area - Colonial influence
- Physical barriers
- mountains + hills - Majority are capital cities
- investment (TNC’s) and global influence
What is globalisation?
The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange
What is informatisation?
Refers to the extent by which geographical area, an economy or a society is becoming information based
What is the distribution of production and services?
Production
- traditionally focussed on HIC’s but does go worldwide
Services
- concentrated into a few trading cities
What are the 4 buzz words linked to world cities that are resource centres + examples?
- Learning regions
- often linked to unis e.g. oxbridge - Smart cities
- Bristol - Science cities
- Bristol - Creative hubs
- Liverpool > long music history
What are the 2 ways of spreading information and what do they mean?
- Codified
- carried and spread by technology - Tacit
- based on discussion and face to face contact (spatial proximity)
Definition of a world city
A city that acts as a major centre for finance, trade, business, politics, culture, science, information gathering and diffusion, publishing and mass media, and alll associated activities > serving not just a country or region, but the whole world
What are the 4 pre-eminent world cities?
- Tokyo
- London
- New York
- Paris
What are the main 6 characteristics of a world city?
- Politically important
- Culturally > iconic landscape
- Trade > headquarters of TNC’s
- Physical location > ease of trade
- Tourism
- High % of employment (quaternary and quinery)
How do you measure a world cities brand? (2)
- Assets
- attractions, climate, infrastructure, transport, safety and economic prosperity - Buzz
- a combination of social media and media measures
London Key Facts (15)
- Home to top unis e.g. Imperial College London + UCL
- 300 different languages and 14 different faiths
- 37% of London population born outside UK
- 103,000 international students living and learning in the city
- 6th biggest french city in the world
- 300 theatres, 12,0000 restaurants, 500 cinema screens, 240 museums and galleries
- 40% green space > greenest large city
- 40% of world forge in equities traded here > figure larger than NY
- In a major time zone, adv for doing business with Asia
- First city to have tube
- Home to global brands e.g. Morgan Stanley > Canary Wharf
- Silicon Roundabout regenerations > Amazon making 3,000 more jobs
- 400,000 professional creatives > exceptional scientists and academics
- Harley Street > worlds most advanced radiology equipment
- More than 100,000 flights a month
