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Geography Human > CHANGING PLACES Pt5 - Place Studies > Flashcards

CHANGING PLACES Pt5 - Place Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

RE-URBANISATION
> BIRMINGHAM

A

-

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2
Q

What is the definition of reurbanisation?

A

When an area becomes increasingly built up as more people move there

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3
Q

Describe how Birmingham was in the 1980s

A
  • derelict factories
  • country depressed (economic recession)
  • no greenery
  • urban concrete jungle
  • traffic congestion
  • very grey + dismal
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4
Q

What are the 6 key ways of promoting a positive image of Birmingham?

A
  1. Bring young professionals to the city
  2. Regeneration
  3. Niche marketing
  4. Diverse image
  5. Investment in place promotion
  6. Beautification
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5
Q

What are some of the ways (6) that have promoted lifestyle in Birmingham?

A
  • most appealing inner city in decades
  • lower recorded rates of crime
  • main location of fastest growing industries e.g. Quaternary industry (marketing + advertising)
  • increased entertainment + lively atmosphere
  • don’t want to commute
  • more modern, less factories
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6
Q

Who are the 2 categories of people that the promotions in Birmingham are aimed at?

A
  1. Service sector
    - mainly highly qualified and skilled labour force. Middle class professionals
  2. Business tourism
    - middle or high-ranking representatives or companies
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7
Q

Explain what flagship designs are in terms of architecture

A
  • dynamic images for promotion of good business locations
  • flagships of urban regeneration
  • size, design and capability are major icons of prestige. Defines ‘city status’
  • enables global competitiveness = attract investment + relocation of international businesses
  • futuristic post-modern architecture
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8
Q

What are the social criticisms of place promotion? (3)

A
  1. Focuses on private sector needs meaning that poor people’s needs are overlooked
  2. Exclusion of unappealing negative images > certain places are ignored and lack economic investment
  3. Positive images created and urban regeneration have masked the reality of urban problems
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9
Q

When did the NEC regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

1976

  • national exhibition centre
  • greenfield site (J6 M42)
  • originally 6 interconnected exhibition halls > now 20
  • 19,000km^2 + 16,500 parking spaces
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10
Q

When did the ICC and Symphony Hall regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

1980s

  • international convention centre
  • SH = 2,262 concert venue
  • faces centenary square
  • £200 mil construction cost
  • “truely world class conference venue”
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11
Q

What did the NIA regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

1991

  • national indoor arena
  • 12802 capacity
  • top music, sport + comedy events
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12
Q

When did the Brindley Place regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

1993

  • 30 leisure + hospitality facilities
  • 4 mil visitors annually
  • movement of 2000 office workers
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13
Q

When did the Millennium Point regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

2002

  • conference + events venue
  • east Birmingham
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14
Q

When did the Bullring regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

2003

  • £495 mil cost + investment
  • linked to grand central
  • houses selfridges
  • largest city based shopping centre in the UK
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15
Q

When did the Central Library regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

2014

  • “peoples place”
  • £188.8 mil cost
  • largest public library in Birmingham
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16
Q

When did the New Street Station and Grand Central regeneration occur + give some information about it?

A

2015

  • 5 year redevelopment programme
  • daily 170,000-24,000 capacity
  • 60 new stores
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17
Q

GENTRIFICATION
> NOTTING HILL

A

-

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18
Q

What is the definition of gentrification?

A

When the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process

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19
Q

What is it and what occurs during this process?

A
  • process of house improvement
  • low income groups are displaced by the affluent (professionals)
  • carried out by individuals/groups and not by bodies
  • involved in the rehabilitation of old houses on an individual bias
  • encouraged by estate agents, building societies and Local Authorities
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20
Q

Advantages of gentrification? (4)

A
  1. Housing is improved as wealthy newcomers regenerate old buildings
  2. The value of housing in the area increases. This means that existing house owners can sell their houses for more money
  3. New businesses move into the area to cater for wealthier residents. This creates jobs
  4. Crime rates may fall - better housing and less dereliction = less vandalism and graffiti
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21
Q

Disadvantages of gentrification? (4)

A
  1. High demand for housing can cause problems - tenants may be forced as landlords wish to sell the building for a large profit
  2. Increased house prices means children of house owners cannot cannot afford to buy or rent in the area
  3. Original residents may lose business that they need (e.g. launderettes and charity shops) as they are pushed out by more high-end businesses
  4. Tension between old and new residents
22
Q

What is the history of Notting Hill?

A
  • in the 18th century it was a county hamlet
  • Victorian Era > rough working class area (workers housed in tiny terraces
  • 1950s > area of slums and inner city deprivation
  • 1959 > centre of race riots (conflicts between the newly arrived Afro-Caribbean community and the ‘Teddy Boys’ of the British Union Fascits
23
Q

How have house prices changed in Notting Hill between Jan 1995 and Feb 2022 for Semi detached houses?

A

1995 > £740,833
2022 > £4,025,000

^ 443%

24
Q

What are the 5 key influencers of change causing gentrification in Notting Hill?

A
  1. Secluded communal gardens
  2. Notting Hill Film
  3. Fashionable place to live
  4. Portobello Street Market
  5. Carnival (1 mil 3 days)
25
Q

What is the definition of counter urbanisation?

A

The movement of people from urban areas to smaller villages, leading to an increase in the proportion of people living in areas defined as rural e.g. Powick

26
Q

What is a suburbanised village?

A

An expanding village which means the boundary between rural and urban areas is difficult to maintain

27
Q

What are some push factors of the city?

A
  • problems with the city (crime, degradation, overcrowding)
  • poor quality housing in the city
  • decr in employment in CBD as industries move out
  • gov have promoted this movement through The New Towns Policy (1946) > as growth is restricted in the green belt, developers looked further afield e.g. Milton Keynes
28
Q

What are some pul factors of a suburbanised village?

A
  • quiet and idyllic life in countryside
  • clean environment
  • cheaper house price
  • car ownership and grater influence allow people to commute to work
  • decentralisation > movement to rural urban fringe
  • 1981-1996 > 1 mil more jobs in rural areas
  • incr use of IT (globalisation)
  • rise in demand for second homes and early retirement due to an incr in affluence
29
Q

What are the 5 key parts of the model of a suburbanised village?

A
  1. Centre > original village core (old services e.g. post office)
  2. Outside circle > Accretions/ Infilling (land empty between properties filled with new developments)
  3. Ribbon Development (buildings along the roads)
  4. Larger modern estates (3rd circle)
  5. Isolated settlement around villages
30
Q

How does the characteristic of housing change when turning into a suburbanised village?

A

Before:
- detached stone build houses e.g. thatch roofs

Now:
- new, mainly detached or semi-detached, renovated areas + expensive planned estates

31
Q

How does the characteristic of inhabitants change when turning into a suburbanised village?

A

Before:
- farming + primary jobs, labouring or manual jobs

Now:
- professionals/ executives/ commuters
- wealth with young family or retired

32
Q

How does the characteristic of transport change when turning into a suburbanised village?

A

Before:
- bus service, some cars, narrow winding roads

Now:
- decline in bus, most have cars, better roads

33
Q

How does the characteristic of services change when turning into a suburbanised village?

A

Before:
- village shop, small primary school, public house village hall

Now:
- more shops, enlarged school, modern public house + more restaurants

34
Q

How does the characteristic of social change when turning into a suburbanised village?

A

Before:
- small, close-knit community

Now:
- local community swamped, village may be deserted in the day

35
Q

How does the characteristic of environment change when turning into a suburbanised village?

A

Before:
- quiet, relatively pollution free

Now:
- more noise, and risk of more pollution, loss of farmland and open space

36
Q

Negative effects of counter urbanisation?

A
  • loss of farmland/ greenfield sites
  • different types of housing built
  • changes in bus service
  • social conflict
  • incr in traffic
  • rise in house prices
  • incr pressure on the countryside for recreation
  • loss of shops + services in the rural-urban fridge
  • environmental pollution
  • incr flood potential
37
Q

Positive effects of counter urbanisation?

A
  • growth in small scape industry / enterprise
  • revival of market towns
  • wide economic base, creating employment opportunities
  • changes in employment structure
  • development of old people’s homes
  • gain of shops and services in key settlements
  • enhancement of village hall / community centre
  • activation of local councils and planning partnerships
38
Q

What are some neutral effects of counter urbanisation?

A
  • total population growth
  • change in population structure
  • suburbanisation of villages
  • changes in provision of schools
  • changes in provision of medical facilities
  • barn conversions
39
Q

What are some general information facts about St Ives, Cambridgeshire?

A
  • one of fastest growing counties in the UK > 60% incr by 2016 on 1976
  • 100km N of London
  • lies on A1123, just off A14 trunk road
  • market town on the Great Ouse
  • connections to Oliver Cronwell
  • fine Georgian and Victorian buildings
40
Q

What are some of the problems of growth in St Ives, Cambridgeshire?

A
  1. Shortage of affordable housing in the city
  2. Severe traffic congestion on the roads (50% of workers live outside the city) > S side most severe
  3. Skilled workers are unwilling to move due to the high cost of housing
41
Q

What are some of the solutions to St Ives, Cambridgeshire’s growth problems?

A
  1. Corridor developments
  2. New towns > rural brownfield sites
  3. Expanded market towns
42
Q

Describe how there is changing populations and prosperity in St Ives, Cambridgeshire?

A
  • two categories of the population are growing (elderly and youth)
  • large proportion of employees live outside the city
  • higher income and standards of living
  • 1990s (mainline to London was electrified) > 25% of working pop commute to London daily
43
Q

What are some of the services offered by St Ives, Cambridgeshire?

A
  • newer high status services
  • secondary school roll is increasing
  • better bus service
  • pressure for more housing by commuters
  • further housing will have to adhere to strict rules to ensure it fits with local surroundings
44
Q

Why does urban sprawl occur in poor countries?
+ an example

A
  1. Natural increase
  2. Rural to urban migration
  3. Informal economy
    E.g. São Paulo or Rio
45
Q

Why does urban sprawl occur in richer countries?
+ an example

A
  1. Rich / middle class
  2. Roads > linear development + car ownership
  3. Decentralisation of goods + services
  4. Inner city is overcrowded
  5. Larger houses in the suburbs
  6. Increase in footloose industries
46
Q

What is a green belt? + dates and examples

A

1940s
Areas of open space and low density land use around urban areas where development would be strictly controlled

E.g. London > 5,133km^2

47
Q

What is the population prediction for 2030? And how many houses would have to be built annually for this to be manageable?

A

70 million

300,000 annually

48
Q

Greenfield site advantages? (7)

A
  1. No cost of clean up from previous sites
  2. Existing road networks not in place - no restrictions
  3. Often on edge of cities where land is cheaper
  4. Planners and architects have a blank canvas to work with
  5. More space available for gardens
  6. Edge of the city / countryside can appeal to buyers
  7. Sites on the edge of cities are often close to a motorway
49
Q

Brownfield site advantages? (5)

A
  1. More sustainable
  2. Stop city expanding any further and reduces journey time
  3. Road networks already exist, as do electricity and gas networks
  4. Easier to gain planning permission
  5. Sites are closer to CBD for shopping and job opportunities
50
Q

What are some important notes about greenbelts?

A
  • widely recognised planning tool to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open
  • quality of landscape is not relevant to the inclusion
  • 14 areas covering 12% of England
  • countryside campaigners and NIMBY’s are angered by the use of the green belt of development
51
Q

What are the 5 purposes of the green belt land?

A
  1. To check the unresticted sprawl of large built-up areas
  2. To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another
  3. To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment
  4. To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns
  5. To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land
52
Q

SURBITON - LONDON

  1. Where is it
  2. Population in 1971 to 2018
  3. Example of transport
  4. % of households that own at least one vehicle
  5. % of people who choose to drive to London
  6. Jan23 average house price
  7. Strategies examples
A
  1. SW London in the borough of Kingston upon Thames
  2. 141,000-175,000
  3. A3
  4. 70
  5. 40
  6. £628,444
    • improvement strategy for Surbiton Town Centre > 2009 launch road widening
    • new access roads
    • set delivery times (later used as parking bays)

Geography Human (22 decks)

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