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Clinical & Neuropsychology 2 > CP: Chapter 9 Schizophrenia > Flashcards

CP: Chapter 9 Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

positive symptoms =

A

any change in behaviour or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions

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2
Q

negative symptoms =

A

when people appear to withdraw from the world around then, take no interest in everyday social interactions, and often appear emotionless and flat.

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3
Q

acute episodes are usually characterized by … symptoms

A

positive

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4
Q

delusions=

A

beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence

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5
Q

thought insertion =

A

person may believe that their thoughts are not their own, but put in by an external source.

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6
Q

thought broadcasting =

A

person may believe that his or her thoughts are broadcast or transmitted, so that others know what they are thinking

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7
Q

grandiose delusions=

A

exaggerated sense of their importance/power/knowledge/identity.

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8
Q

ideas of reference =

A

incorporating unimportant events within a delusional framework and reading personal significance into trivial activities of others.

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9
Q

somatic =

A

delusional body experiences, bv denken dat er iets mis is met je lichaam

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10
Q

erotomanic =

A

false belief that someone is in love with them

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11
Q

nihilistic =

A

rejecting all religious and moral principles in the belief that life is meaningless.

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12
Q

hallucinations -

A

sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment -> can occur in all modalities but most common in auditory

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13
Q

negative symptoms

A

behavioural deficits –> detract from reality, you dont experience things the same way as before.

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14
Q

hoe lang blijven negatieve symptomen

A

these tend to endure beyond an acute episode

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15
Q

avolition =

A

lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or inability to persist in routine activities (work/school/hobbies)

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16
Q

asociality =

A

severe impairments in social relationships

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17
Q

anhedonia =

A

loss of interest in experience of pleasure

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18
Q

2 soorten pleasure (anhedonia)

A

consummatory pleasure and anticipatory pleasure

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19
Q

consummatory pleasure =

A

amount of pleasure experienced in the moment

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20
Q

anticipatory pleasure =

A

amount of expected or anticipated pleasure for future events

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21
Q

in welke soort pleasure hebben mensen met schiz een deficit in

A

in anticipatory pleasure, maar niet in consummatory pleasure

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22
Q

blunted affect =

A

lack of outward expression of emotion (stare, motionless muscles, lifeless eyes, flat and toneless voice)

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23
Q

alogia

A

significant reduction in the amount of speech production

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24
Q

2 domains in which the 5 negative symptoms can be divided

A

motivation and pleasure domain (motivation, emotional experience, sociality)

expression domain (outward expression of emotion and vocalization)

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25
Q

welke symptomen horen bij motivation and pleasure

A

avolition
asociality
anhedonia

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26
Q

expression domain

A

blunted affect
alogia

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27
Q

disorganized speech =

A

ook wel formal thought disorder

= problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand (problems in executive functioning)

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28
Q

loose associations/derailment =

A

onderdeel van disorganized symptoms

= person can be more successful in communicating with a listener but has a difficulty sticking to one topic

Associative looseness often results in vague and confusing speech, in which the individual will frequently jump from one idea to an unrelated one.

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29
Q

disorganized behaviour =

A

they seem to lose the ability to organize their behaviour and make it conform to communicty standards (unusual clothes, act childlike, silly, hoard food, collect garbage)

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30
Q

3 soorten disorganized behaviour

A

catatonia
catatonic immobility
waxy flexibility

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31
Q

catatonia =

A

Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal.

32
Q

catatonic immobility =

A

heel stijf, unusual position

33
Q

waxy flexibility =

A

another person can move limbs into positions and then maintain for long periods of time

34
Q

dus soorten delusions =

A

thought insertion
thought broadcasting
grandiose delusions
ideas of reference
somatic delusions
erotomanic
nihilistic

35
Q

dus soorten negative symptoms=

A

avolition/apathy
asociality
anhedonia
blunted affect
alogia

36
Q

dus disorganized symptoms soorten =

A

disorganized speech (loose associationsderailment)
disorganized behaviour (catatonia/catatonic immobility/waxy flexibility)

37
Q

schizophreniform disorder =

A

schizophrenia but only lasts 1-6 months

(want schiz. is langer dan 6 maanden)

38
Q

brief psychotic disorder =

A

same as schizophrenia but last from 1 day to 1 month, often due to extreme stress

39
Q

schizoaffective disorder =

A

mixture symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders

40
Q

delusional disorder =

A

troubled by persistent delusions of persecution or by delusional jealousy

41
Q

what do family studies of schiz show

A

that it is genetic, hoe closer the relationship hoe meer risico

42
Q

risk for mz twins =

A

44,3%

43
Q

risk for dd twins =

A

12%

44
Q

dus twins laten zien….

A

dat als alleen genetic transmission accounted for schizophrenia, both twins would always have schizophrenia

45
Q

adoption studies laten zien

A

dat er een strong relation is tussen having a parent with schizophrenia and developing the disorder

46
Q

wat doen association studies

A

try to notice specific genes related to schizophrenia etc.

47
Q

genome association studies =

A

identify rare mutations, bv copy number variations

48
Q

dopamine theory globaal

A

positive symptoms: may be due to increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors

negative symptoms: may be due to dopamine underactivity in the prefrontal cortex.

49
Q

waar is dopamine in involved, wat voor psychologische systemen

A

reward and motivation in the strium (in schiz: minder motivation)

50
Q

welke andere neurotransmitters zijn involved in schizophrenia

A

serotonin, glutamate, GABA, NMDA

51
Q

3 issues in brain structure bij schiz

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • prefrontal cortex veranderingen
  • problems in temporal cortex
52
Q

enlarged ventricles laten zien…

A

dat er loss of brain cells is

53
Q

prefrontal cortex veranderingen

A

minder gray matter, no loss of neurons but loss of dendritic spines. hierdoor zijn conections impaired.

lower glucose metabolism

54
Q

waar leidt less activity in prefrontal cortex naar

A

naar meer severe negative symptoms

55
Q

problems in temporal cortex and surrounding regions

A

reduced volume of hippocampu , amygdala, anterior cingulate

56
Q

wat zou kunnen leiden tot volume reductions bij hippocampus

A

door stress reactivity and disrupted HPA

57
Q

3 soorten connectivity en wat is het

A

structural connectivity - how structures are connected, via white matter

functional connectivity - how regions are connected based on BOLD signal (blood oxygen level dependent)

effective connectivity - combines structural and functional -> BOLD ++ direction and timing of activations

58
Q

het kan zijn dat excessive pruning, stress and hpa axis in early adolescence leiden tot dat schiz emerges during late asolescence

A

oke

59
Q

relatie met cannabis

A

cannabis use leads to a higher risk for those who are genetically vulnerable to developing schiz. but neither is alone responsible

60
Q

2 hypotheses about the relationship between schiz and socioeconomic status

A

sociogenic hypothesis
social selection hypothesis

(social selection hypothesis meer support)

61
Q

sociogenic hypothesis

A

stress that comes with poverty (low edu, stigma, less opport) -> leads to schiz

dus poverty -> schizophrenia

62
Q

selection hypothesis

A

during the course of illness, ppl with schiz drift into poor neighborhoods because they cannot live anywhere else

63
Q

urbanicity and schiz

A

ppl born in urban areas have a greater risk of developing schiz in adulthood

64
Q

early theories blamed…

A

the mothers

65
Q

wat is belangrijk binnen een familie

A

communication, slechte communicatie kan leiden tot meer schiz

66
Q

wat kan relapse predicten in schiz

A

expressed emotion -> families with high ee were more prone to relapse, due to bidirectional relation between hpa activation and dopamine activity

maar cultural differences in ee!

67
Q

wat lieten retrospective studies zien

A

dat adults with schiz had lower iqs and were withdrawn and delinquent as children, sometimes also poor motor skills and negative emotion

68
Q

prosprective study

A

confirmed that low iq is a predicter of the later onset of schizophrenia

69
Q

soorten medicatie voor schizophrenia

A

first-generation antipsychotic drugs
second-generation antipsychotic drugs

70
Q

psychological treatments soorten

A

social skills training
family therapy
cognitive behavioural therapy
cognitive remediation therapy
psychoeducation
case management
residential treatment

71
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy focused op..

A

thinking and elusions

72
Q

cognitive remediation therapy focuses op…

A

improving cognitive skills

73
Q

psychoeducation

A

educate about symptoms, expected time course, biological and psychological triggers and treatment strategies

74
Q

case management

A

holding together + coordinating the range of medical and psychological services they need

75
Q

residential treatment

A

protected living units

Clinical & Neuropsychology 2 (30 decks)

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