CP: Chapter 10 Substance use disorders Flashcards
dsm 5 criteria substance use disorder
problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning.
at least 2 within 1 year:
failure to meet obligations
repeated use in situations where it is dangerous
repeated relationship problems
continued use even though there are problems
tolerance
withdrawal
substance taken for longer, or more than intended
efforts to reduce do not work
much time spend to obtain the substance
social/hobbies or work activities reduced or even given up
strong craving
tolerance =
larger doses of the substance are needed to produce the desired effect or the effect becomes less
withdrawal =
negative physical and psychological effects when ppl stop taking the drug or reduce
wat kan optreden bij alcohol use disorder
hallucinations and delirium tremens (fever, disorientation).
wie drinken het meeste alcohol
meeste bij college students, en men more than women
short term effects of alcohol
stimulates GABA (reduce tension, inhibit)
increases serotonin and dopamine -> pleasure
inhibits glutamate (may lead to cognitive effects of alcohol intoxication, such as slow thinking and memory loss)
long-term effects alcohol
prolonged alcohol use + less intake of proteins -> cirrhosis in the liver
heart failure
erectile dysfunction
hypertension
strokes
fetal alcohol syndrome -> slow growth, cranial/facial/limb abnormalities
tobacco use disorder ethiology
nicotine is the addicting factor of tobacco -> neural pathways that become activated stimulate dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic areas.
the ill effects of tobacco are greater for..
african americans
what happens to babies whose mother smokes during pregnancy
born prematurely, lower birth weights, birth defects
what can marijuana interfere with
attention, memory, and thinking
physical consequences of marijuana
damage lungs and cardiovascular system and lead to cognitive impairments
users can develop tolerance to marijuana, but withdrawal does not have to occur
oke
waar wordt marijuana medically voor gebruikt
nausea bij chemo, aids, glaucoma, chronic pain, seizures and muscle spasms
opiates soorten
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
wat doen opiates globaal
relieve pain, induce sleep
wie gebruiken het meeste heroin
both men and women from less urbanized places, mainly ppl who used prescribed pain medication first. meeste white americans
stimulants soorten
amphetamines (oa. methamphetamine) and cocaine
amphetamines werking
produce wakefullness, alert, euphoria. -> release of norepinephrine and dopamine + blocking the reuptake.
amphetamines gender
men en women use equally
methamphetamine
immediate high/rush, euphoria.
methamphetamine gender
mannen meer dan vrouwen
welke brain regions are impacted by methamphetamine
brain regions involved in reward and decision making
cocaine acts….
acts rapidly on the brain, blocks the reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas.
cocaine effects
sexual desire
feelings of well-being
alertness
long term:
problems, paranoia, trouble sleeping
cocaine gender
men more than women
which drugs usually do not elicit withdrawal
marijuana, hallucinogens, ecstasy, pcp
(so no withdrawal, but tolerance can develop!)
LSD is een
hallucinogen
wat doen hallucinogens
cause hallucinations, alter sense of time, sharp mood swings, expanded consciousness
hallucinogens gender en wie
more men, more european americans
hoe werken hallucinogens wss
via serotonin system en use the 5HT2a
ecstasy
contains compounds from both hallucinogen and amphetamine families
acts on release and reuptake of serotonin
ecstasy effects
enhances intimacy, insight, improves relationships, elevates mood, self confidence, promotes awareness.
muscle tension, rapid eye movements, jaw clenching, nausea, sweating, anxiety, depression, depersonalization, confusion
pcp =
phencyclidine/angel dust
voor paarden, heel heftig
substance use disorder hoe gaat het
positive attitude - experimentation - regular use - heavy use - dependence or abuse
genetic factors in abuse
play a role in:
alcohol & maybe nicotine dependence
operation of the dopamine system
ability to tolerate alcohol and metabolize nicotine
nearly all drugs stimulate the dopamine system!!!!
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vulnerability model
problems in the dopamine system may increase vulnerability of some people to become dependent on a substance
toxic effect model
problems in the dopamine system are the consequence of taking substances
dus verschil vulnerability and toxic effect model
vulnerability = problems lead to dependence
toxic effect = dependence leads to problems
incentive-sensitization theory
dopamine system becomes super sensitive to the direct effects of drugs and cues.
sensitivity to cues -> induces craving -> go to extreme lengths to seek out and obtain drugs -> liking of drug increases, wanting remains intense
people with a sbstance use disorder often value the short term pleasure and reward that comes from taking a drug more than the long term reward
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mood alteration
when a drug is reinforced because it enhances positive moods or diminishes negative ones
expectancies about a substance
people may use it after stress because they expect it will reduce tension, not because it actually does.
positive expectancies predict alcohol use, and alcohol use strenghtens these positive expectancies (vicieuze cirkel)
what personality factors predict the onset of disorders
high negative affect = neuroticism
persistent desire for arousal along with increased positive affect
cautious behaviour
harm avoidance
low agreeableness
low conscientiousness
high levels of disinhibition
high negative emotionality
social influence model
one is influenced by social networks to use drugs
social selection model
one chooses a social network of people who conform to their own drug use patterns
moderating in drinking
pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and inebriation
peer pressure to quit smoking appears to be as effective as peer pressure to start smoking once was.
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scheduled smoking
reduce the amount of nicotine intake gradually over a period of a few weeks
wat is de eerste stap in treatment of drug use disorders
detoxification
cognitive behavioural therapy bij cocaine
learning to avoid high risk situations, recognize the lure of the drug and develop alternatives to cocaine
opiate antogonists
drugs that prevent the user from experiencing the high.
but requires a lot of work, with regular visits to the clinic etc.
peer pressure resistance training
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