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Infectious Agents 2 > Coronaviridae > Flashcards

Coronaviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

A

SARS

  • new, emerging coronavirus
  • economic loss
  • affected 29 countries
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2
Q

Properties of coronaviruses

A

Linear, positive sense ssRNA

  • 75-160 nm diameter
  • envelope with large, widely spaced, club shaped peplomers
  • replicates in cytoplasm and virions released by exocytosis
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3
Q

What are the 4 structural proteins of coronaviruses?

A
  • peplomer glycoprotein S (E2)
  • transmembrane glycoprotein M (E1)
  • nucleocapsid phosphorprotein N
  • some viruses have peplomers with hemagglutinin plus acetylesterase activities, HE (E3)
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4
Q

All coronaviruses contain an ______

A

Envelope

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5
Q

Antigenic group 1

A

Mammalian

  • human coronavirus (229E), common cold
  • transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine: gastroenteritis
  • feline infectious peritonitis virus: peritonitis, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, panophthalmitis, wasting
  • canine coronavirus: enteritis
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6
Q

Due to coronaviruses share antigenicity?

A

No, do not cross protect

- due to high chance of mutation and lack of proofreading ability

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7
Q

Antigenic group 2

A

Mammalian

  • human coronavirus OC43: common cold
  • mouse hepatitis virus: hepatitis, encephalomyelitis, enteritis
  • bovine coronavirus: gastroenteritis
  • porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus: vomiting, wasting, and encephalomyelitis
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8
Q

Antigenic group 3

A

Avian

- infectious bronchitis virus of chickens: tracheobronchitis, nephritis

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9
Q

Antigenic group 4

A

Avian

- bluecomb disease virus of turkeys: enteritis

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10
Q

Coronaviruses have been associated with infections of the ______ and _____ tracts

A

Respiratory and enteric tracts

- CNS disease in monkeys, rats, rabbits, other species

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11
Q

Every chicken is vaccinated against _______

A

Infectious bronchitis virus
- does not completely prevent disease as outbreaks still occur due to viral mutation and selection pressure from constant vaccination (only due to live vaccine)

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12
Q

Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (TGE)

A

Occurs in winter months

  • characterized by vomiting and profuse diarrhea
  • causes high mortality in piglets
  • efficacy of vaccines is limited
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13
Q

Clinical features of TGE

A

Occurs at farrowing time, incubation time 1-3 days

  • infected piglets show vomiting, watery diarrhea and rapid loss of weight
  • piglets <7 days old die within 2-7 days –> > 3 weeks old live, but are weak
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14
Q

TGE in growing, finishing, and adult swine

A

Show inappetence, diarrhea, or unnoticed

- sows infected late in pregnancy may develop fever but rarely abort

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15
Q

Diagnosis of TGE

A
  • immunofluorescence
  • virus isolation
  • rising antibody titers in paired sera from sows with affected litters or from pigs that have recovered from the disease
  • electron microscopy-negative stain
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16
Q

TGE causes ______ in piglets

A

Sudden death

- vomiting and diarrhea

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17
Q

Vaccinate sows with ________

A

Attenuated vaccine 3 weeks before farrowing in order to provide piglets with high levels of protective Ab in the colostrum
- respiratory variant can interfere with the serodiagnosis

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18
Q

Transfer of natural passive immunity

A
  • cow, swine, horse: 3 maternal placental layers, and 3 fetal layers = postnatal transfer
  • sheep, goat: 2 or 3 maternal placental layers, 3 fetal layers = postnatal transfer
  • dog, cat: 1 maternal layer, 2 or 3 fetal layers = IgG cross of placenta, and postnatal transfer
  • mouse, rat: 0 maternal layers, 3 fetal layers = prenatal and postnatal transfer
19
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis

A

Affects cats of all ages, over 90% have antibody against FIP

  • incidence of clinical disease is lower <10%
  • subclinical infections are common
20
Q

FIP occurs in association with ______

A

Retroviruses (feline leukemia, feline immunodeficiency, feline syncytial virus, parvovirus (feline panleukopenia))
- feline coronavirus that causes diarrhea may be a variant of FIP

21
Q

Coronavirus is likely to ______

A

Mutate

- interference between respiratory and intestinal coronavirus

22
Q

Clinical signs of FIP

A
  • depressed, may have a fever
  • classic wet form: abdominal distention
  • only a proportion of clinically diseased cats develop peritonitis
  • pleuritis results in dyspnea
  • neurologic and ocular disease may occur
23
Q

Diagnosis

A
  • virus isolation: peritoneal exudates, blood
  • detection of antibody: only works if antibody titer is high
  • hypergammaglobulinemia
24
Q

Epidemiology and control of FIP

A

Spread via aerosol

  • seropositive cats develop more progressive form of disease than seronegative
  • vaccines are available (not effective)
  • control depends on segregation of infected cats
25
Q

Canine coronavirus diarrhea

A

Causes mild gastroenteritis

  • occurs in association with canine parvovirus infection = more severe diarrhea
  • commonly infects pups
26
Q

CCV serology

A

Closely related to transmissible TGEV, but CCV does not infect pigs
- TGEV: produces a subclinical infection in dogs

27
Q

CCV diagnosis

A

Virus isolation, EM

- inactivated vaccine is available

28
Q

What serves as a model system for coronavirus infection?

A

Mouse Hepatitis Virus

29
Q

Mouse Hepatitis Virus

A

Causes: hepatitis, encephalomyelitis, enteritis, nephritis

  • high mortality in neonatal mice
  • weanlings can sustain subclinical infections
30
Q

Type and severity of MHV is dependent on:

A

Strain of the virus and the age/strain of the mouse

31
Q

Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus

A

Occurs in piglets <2 weeks old

  • anorexia, hyperesthesia, muscle tremors, paddling of legs, vomiting = emaciation and death
  • diarrhea is not common!
  • high mortality in young piglets
32
Q

PHEV is similar to _________

A

Porcine polioencephalomyelitis

  • caused by picornavirus
  • requires differentiation based on viral particles
33
Q

PHEV pathogenesis

A

Infection via URT and pharynx –> spreads to brain via peripheral nerves

34
Q

PHEV diagnosis

A

Virus isolation in primary cultures of porcine cells and detection of the virus by HA
- no vaccines available

35
Q

Bovine coronavirus diarrhea

A

Affects the vili of the small intestine and the large intestine

  • diarrhea occurs in 1 week old calves (similar to rotavirus)
  • affects glucose and lactose metabolism
36
Q

Is villous atrophy more severe with rotavirus or coronavirus?

A

Coronavirus

37
Q

Infectious bronchitis virus

A

More than 20 serotypes –> no cross protection

38
Q

IBV - respiratory manifestations

A
  • wet eyes
  • gasping
  • coughing and sneezing
  • tracheal rales
  • nasal discharge
39
Q

IBV - nonrespiratory manifestations

A
  • decreased egg production
  • misshapen eggs
  • nephritis/nephrosis (not common in US)
40
Q

How does IBV affect the poultry industry?

A
  • increased mortality, condemnation at processing, downgrading of carcasses
  • decreased production
  • slowing of the line speed during inspection
41
Q

IBV prevention

A
  • biosecurity
  • management (ex: use more hygenic nipple drinkers)
  • vaccination
  • monitoring immunity
  • equipment
42
Q

Bluecomb disease

A

Affects turkeys of all ages –> most severe in 1-6 week old poults

  • loss of appetite, chirping, diarrhea
  • skin of head and neck become cyanosed
  • enteritis
43
Q

Bluecomb disease vaccine

A

Inactivated vaccine is available –> not effective

44
Q

Porcine coronavirus

A

CV777 - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

  • acute diarrhea in swine of all ages
  • is not related to 4 groups of coronaviruses antigenically
  • 50% mortality rate
  • adults are subclinical
  • no vaccine!

Infectious Agents 2 (29 decks)

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