Contrastiva

Question 1

container

Answer 1

usually the verb to be is the one that acts as a container for non-verbal predicates. eg: Maria is smart

Question 2

equative sentence

Answer 2

used to assert the identity of the referent of 2 referring expressions. eg: Tony Blair was the Prime Minister

Question 3

oración predicativa y presentativa

Answer 3

predic: el sujeto ocupa posicion inicial. eg: los perros ladran
presentat: el sujeto esta pospuesto. eg: en el siglo XVII, surgió el concepto de la ley natural

Question 4

external and internal arguments

Answer 4

external: not in the predicate. eg: subject
internal: in the predicate. eg: direct object

Question 5

displaced/notional subject

Answer 5

there were some keys near the sofa
there was a nurse present
there is a cat in the street

Question 6

extraposed subject

Answer 6

it remains a mystery how she escaped
it would be a mistake to give up now

Question 7

hollow infinitival

Answer 7

extensions are hollow clauses in the sense they have a gap of internal complement function, usually object, where there is a missing object for consideration. → There is a poor old Albert to consider

Question 8

theme and rheme
topico/tema y foco

Answer 8

theme: usually old info at the start of the sentence
rheme: usually new info at the end of the sentence
topic: marked variant of theme (at the end of sentence)
foco: marked variant of rheme (fronted)

Question 9

pragmatic particles

Answer 9

developed by certain modals such as may. eg: may the road rise to meet you

Question 10

other uses of Spanish subjunctive

Answer 10

• when it follows emotional reactions: le aterraba la iea de que su hijo enfermara/mase (pret imp subj)
  me apena que pierdan el tiempo (present subj)
• in subord C of purpose, time, condition, concession, manner
  trabajamos duro para que nuestros hijos vivan bien
  hazlo como mas debas

Question 11

inmediate and larger situation

Answer 11

types of situational reference
inmediate: the identity of a particular entity is obvious because it is physically present and visible. close the DOOR
larger: the identification of the reference depends on assumptions about general knowledge shared. the PRESIDENT announced new restrictions

Question 12

overt syntactic subject

Answer 12

when the subject is clearly stated in a sentence. eg: Maria is studying
no overt grammatical/syntactic subject: close the door

Question 13

periphrastic construction

Answer 13

a roundabout way of saying smth
- more happy instead of happier

Question 14

dynamic verbs may subdivide into:

Answer 14

• events: situations seen as a whole
• processes
  - resultatives: focus on the result of a change of state. eg: Adam baked a cake
  - inchoative: focus on the beginning. eg: the ice melted