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What is immunology?
A branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.
What must a pathogen do in order to cause disease?
1) Gain access to the body
2) Attach to and/or enter cells if its host
3) While in the body reproduce and avoid host’s immune system
4) produce harmful changes in the host
The ability of the body to ward off disease through defense mechanisms is known as what
Immunity
The body’s vulnerability to disease is called?
Susceptibility
Why is it essential to have an understanding of immunology?
To diagnose, treat, manage and prevent disease.
To conduct research to optimize immune responses to confront specific issues, ranging form infections to cancer.
What are the two types of diagnostic test that you will look for?
The agent causing the problem and/or the response
What is immune system?
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from infection and other harmful substances.
The immune system prevents and limits the entry and effect of intruders to maintain optimal health.
What are the types of immune responses?
Innate immune response
Adaptive immune response
Immune memory
What is the innate immune response?
Defense mechanisms that present at birth
Always present and available
Occurs immediately, when circulating innate cells recognize a problem
Nonspecific
What is the adaptive immune response?
Specific immune response to pathogens once they have breached innate immunitys
What is the function of immune memory?
Follows the adaptive response, when mature adaptive cells, highly specific to the original pathogen, are retained for later use.
How does the immune system prevent disease?
Prevent entry of pathogens
Neutralize and remove pathogens after they have entered the body
Destroy body’s own cells that have changed due to an illness
Main organ involved in immune response is?
Bone marrow: It contains all the stem cells for all the immune cells
What are the two types of immune cells?
Myeloid cells and Lymphoid cells
What do Myeloid cells include?
eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, momocytes, dendritic cell, and macrophages
Lymphoid cells include?
B cells, T cells and Natural killer cells
T:F The Thymus Gland is NOT a man contributor to the immune system
False - the Thymus Gland is a main contributor to the immune system
Where is the Thymus Gland located and what does it do?
Located in the thoracic cavity and T cells undergo positive and negative selection in the thymus
What system is a network of vessels and tissue composed of lymph, and extracellular fluid, and lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes.
Lymphatic system
What does the lymphatic system do?
Immune cells are carried through the lymphatic system and converge in lymph nodes
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus and bone marrow
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph node, Spleen, Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
What are the first, second, and third line of defense?
First - Innate and nonspecific
Second - Innate and non specific
Third - Adaptive and specific
What are the first line of defense?
Skin and mucous membrane
Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Normal microbiota
What does the second line of defense include?
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substance
What are some Phagocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes/Macrophages
What is the difference between Monocytes and Macrophages?
Monocytes are in the blood
Macrophages are in the tissue
Which are the cells involved in innate immune system?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils, Monocytes/Dendric cells/ Macrophages
T:F Lymphoid cells like T cells and B cells are part of innate immune system
False. They are part of adaptive immune system.
List the cells that are Granulocytes.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells
List the Agranulocytes.
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Monocyte in the tissue is called
Histiocytes
Kupffer cell
Monocyte in the liver is called
Monocyte in the skin is called
Langerhan’s cell and Dendritic cells
Microglia
Monocyte in the brain is called
Monocyte in the bone is called
Osteoclast
Phagocytosis
Process of ingestion microorganisms, cellular debris, and nutrients
The phagocytic cells in the immune system
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages/Monocytes
What are the stages of phagocytosis
Chemotaxis Adherence Ingestion Digestion Elimination
Opsonization is?
The process by which a microbe is marked for destruction by phagocytes
