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Microbiology > BacT lecture 5 > Flashcards

BacT lecture 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Opportunistic pathogens?

A

Pathogens are organisms that do not cause disease in a healthy host, with a healthy immune system.

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2
Q

What pathogens are equipped with virulence genes for adherence, invasion, evasion form the immune system and toxins?

A

True pathogens

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3
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

Hospital acquired infections

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4
Q

Which type if infection almost always causes nosocomial infections?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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5
Q

Clinical classifications in diagnostic microbiology of bacterial pathogens?

A

Gram-neg vs Gram-pos
Cocci vs Rods
Fermenter vs Nonfermenter

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6
Q

Based on their oxygen requirements of bacterial pathogens?

A

Aerobic
Facultative anaerobic
Anaerobic
Microaerophillic

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7
Q

Dichotomous keys are like?

A

Phylogenetic trees used to ID bacteria in diagnostic labs

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8
Q

The majority of bacteria are?

A

Extracellular pathogens

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9
Q

Extra cellular pathogens

A

Multiply, feed, and replicate in the fluid outside the cell

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10
Q

Obligate Intracellular pathogens are

A

Pathogens that only survive and replicate inside the cell. Lack the metabolic pathways to live outside the cell

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11
Q

T:F Obligate intracellular pathogens can be cultivated in medium?

A

False

Obligate intracellular pathogens can only be grown in cells or animals

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12
Q

Facultative intracellular pathogens are

A

Pathogens that can survive inside the cell to protect from the immune system, but also can survive outside the cell.

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13
Q

Example of Obligate intracellular pathogen?

A

Rickettsia, Chlamadia

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14
Q

Example of Facultative intracellular pathogen?

A

Mycobacterium

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15
Q

In terms of veterinary practice what are the two important Gram positive cocci?

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

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16
Q

Staphylococcus is a?

A

Facultatively anaerobic, that is an opportunistic pathogen. Often skin infections, mucus membrane infections, Pyogentic bacteria (puss producing), post surgical infection.

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17
Q

The four veterinary significant Staphylococcus

A

S. aureus
S. intermedius (Dogs)
S. hyicus (Greasy pig disease)
S. Schleiferi subsp. coagulans

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18
Q

What is significant about Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Opportunistic nosocomial and community infection. Increased notoriety due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.

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19
Q

Staphylococcus cause?

A

Hot spots in dogs -traumatic dermatitis
Greasy pig disease
Peracute gangrenous mastitis in cows, goat, sow, ewe

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20
Q

Pathogenicity in Staphylococcus?

A

Botryomycosis- also known as bacterial pseudomycosis are a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the skin, and sometimes viscera; infrequent chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation, leasions, udder

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21
Q

Coagulase is?

A

An enzyme that virulent strains produce that coagulate blood plasma

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22
Q

Staphylococcus exotoxins and virulence factors that are produced?

A 
Enterotoxin A-E
Exfoliatin
Epidermolytic toxin
Haemolysins
Leukocidins
Protein A
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23
Q

What is Enterotoxin A-E

A

Food poisoning superantigens. Heat resistant. Most common cause of food poisoning.

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24
Q

Exfoliatin

A

Skin- toxin specific for the epidermidis, produced by S. aureus and S. hyicus.

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25
Q

Epidermolytic toxins effect the?

A

skin

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26
Q

Haemolysins

A

Destroy blood cells- erythrocytes from various species differ in susceptibility to the 4 different toxins.

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27
Q

Leukocidins

A

Kills immune system cells. Leucocites- granulocytes and macrophages

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28
Q

Protein A

A

Present as a surface component (cell wall) on most strains of virulent S. aureus. Is antiphagocytic and has the ability to bind to Fc fragment of IgG

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29
Q

What type of antibiotic is S. aureus resistant to?

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins)

30
Q

How are S. aureus resistant to Beta-Lactam antibiotics?

A

They produce a phage-coded penicillinase. Some strains have a modified penicillin binding protein PBP2A conded by a Mec A gene

31
Q

Healthy person carrying MRSA and not becoming ill, but passing it on to others that become ill is known as

A

MRSA-Community acquired

32
Q

Streptococcus is

A

A large group that occurs widely in nature and also as normal flora of man and animal. Facultatively anaerobic.

33
Q

List some Streptococcus

A 
S. pyogenes - mostly human
S. agalactiae - mastitis
S. dysgalactiae - mastitis
S. equi subsp. equi - strangels in horses
S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus
34
Q

The two Streptococcus that are pyogenic bacteria are?

A

S. pneumonia

S. equi subsp. equi

35
Q

Streptococcus pyogenic bacteria have?

A

Capsule - non antigenic but interferes with phagocytosis

36
Q

Streptococcus have homolysins. What are homolysins?

A

Production of a wide variety of toxins capable of destroying erythrocytes, resulting in a clear area surrounding colonies.

37
Q

What is Lancefield groups?

A

Serological classification of Streptococcus based CHO cell wall antigens.

38
Q

The most important groupable streptococci are?

A

A,B and D

39
Q

Groupable Streptococcus, infectious disease group A include?

A

S. pyogenes - scarlet fever in humans
S. pneumoniae
S. mutans

40
Q

Gram-positive rods can be classified into what two groups?

A

Endospore- forming and non endospore- forming

41
Q

Give examples of Gram-pos rods that are endospore forming.

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

42
Q

What was the first bacterium shown to cause disease?

A

Bacillus anthracis

43
Q

Bacillus anthracis is commonly known as?

A

Anthrax - serious, often fatal zoonotic disease of wild and domestic mammals

44
Q

Bacillus is a?

A

Obligate aerobe that is a edospore producing gram-pos rod

45
Q

Bacillus anthracis’s virulence factors include?

A

Endospores
Capsule
Exotocins

46
Q

Despite Bacillus anthracis’s exotocins being 3 heat labile protein components it is still a?

A

A-B toxin

47
Q

Horizontal gene transfer of the virulent strains in plasmids of Bacillus anthracis was done by?

A

Conjunction

48
Q

Virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis harbor two plasmids, what are they

A

PXO1 -codes for the toxin (EF, PA, LF)

PXO2 -condes for the Capsule- (Poly D glutamic acid capsule)

49
Q

Bacillus anthracis causes?

A

Spleenomegaly

50
Q

T:F You should never open a animal that is thought to have Bacillus anthracis infection?

A

True

The spores can spread to you or other animals.

51
Q

Which parts of the protein belong to parts of the A-B toxin?

A

Lethal factor and edema factor enzymes are Part A

Protective antigen binding is Part B

52
Q

What are the ways humans can become infected with Bacillus anthracis?

A

Cutaneous - direct contact with disease animals
Inhalation - Woolsorter’s disease
Ingestion - meat from diseased animals

53
Q

Clostridium is a?

A

Obligate anaerobe

54
Q

What are the four groups that Clostridium can be divided into according to what disease they produce.

A

Histotoxic Clostridia
Hepatotoxic Clostridia
Enterotoxigenic Clostridia
Neurotoxic Clostridia

55
Q

Clostridium that cause tissue infections (mostly muscle) following wounds, other trauma eg Malignant edema

A

Histotoxic Clostridia

56
Q

Hepatotoxic Clostridia

A

Clostridium that produces toxins in the liver (cause bacillary hemogleobinuria and black disease)

57
Q

Clostridium that produces mainly enterotoxemia and food poisoning.

A

Enterotoxigenic Clostridia

58
Q

Neurotoxic Clostridia

A

Clostridium that causes disease by production of potent exotosins (neurotoxins) of tetanus and botulism (not food botulism)

59
Q

What are the Histotoxic and invasice clostridium species?

A

C. chauvoei (black leg)
C. septicum (malignant edema and braxy)
C. novyi (Types A, B, C- gas gangrene, black disease, ost)
C. perfringens (gas gangrene)

60
Q

C. perfringens (gas gangrene)

A

Gangrenous and emphysematous myositis. Caused wound colonization after soil, and to a lesser extent intestinal tract, contamination. Primarily seen in times of war as a result of non-sterile field hospitals and projectile wounds. The term gas gangrene refers to swelling of tissues due to release of gas, as fermentation products of clostridia

61
Q

What are the Neurotoxic Clostridium species?

A

C. tetani - TeNT - tetanus (exotoxin tentanopasmin, AB toxin)
C. botulinum - BoNT

62
Q

What are some of the disease caused by Neurotoxic Clostridium botulinum?

A 
Food- borne botulism (not infection but an intoxication)
Infant botulism (non pasteurized honey)
Wound botulism (wound infection)
Botox related botulism
63
Q

Clostridium botulinum in animals food related.

A

Flaccid paralysis. Not an infection but a intoxication. Animals ingesting large amounts of toxins. Eg. dead fish or grass with lots of toxins.

64
Q

Clostridium botulinum characteristics?

A

Multiply in dead carcass and produce toxin.
Eating spoiled foods in which the toxin has been produced under anaerobic conditions.
Different types of toxin (A-G) preference in what they attack.
Neurotoxin: heat-labile protein - destroyed when food is cooked properly

65
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

Spastic paralysis originates from trauma, surgical wound, puncture. Tetanus (Locked jaw or wooden horse). Commonly found in the soil, dust and animal feces. Anaerobic conditions

66
Q

What are the same about Neurotoxins - BoNT & TeNT?

A

Same mode of action: bind to neuromuscular junctions. Cleaves synaptobrevin and prevent release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

67
Q

What are the different about Neurotoxins - BoNT & TeNT?

A

Different site of action: BoNT-peripheral neurons- flaccid paralysis. TeNT - central nervous system- spastic paralysis.

68
Q

What are the two Enterotoxigenic Clostridium

A

C. perfringens

C. difficile

69
Q

What is the only gram negative Clostridium?

A

Atypical Clostridium pilliforme

70
Q

What is Clostridium pilliforme

A

It is a an atypical obligate intracellular pathogen that causes Tyzzer disease and colitis in rodents, rabbits and horses.

Microbiology (15 decks)

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