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Microbiology > Antibodies and more immunology > Flashcards

Antibodies and more immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phagocytosis Step 1: Chemotaxis

A 
Chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms
Microbial products (peptidoglaycan, LPS)
Damaged tissue
Cytokines
Complement components
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2
Q

Phagocytosis Step 2: Adherence

A

Attachment of phagocytic membrane to microorganisms or foreign material
Phagocyte receptors - Toll like receptors (TLRs) +Microbe - Pathogen/Danger associated molecular pattern (PAMP or DAMP) Eg. LPS, Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Phagocytosis Step 3: Ingestion

A

Pseudopods engulf the organism and form phagosome or phagocytic vehicle

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4
Q

Phagocytosis Step 4: Digestion

A

In the cytoplasm Phagosome fuses with in lysosome - Phagolysosome

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5
Q

Lysosomal enzymes

A

Lysozyme, lipase, protease, nuclease
Toxic oxygen radicals through oxidative burst
Myeloperoxidase
Superoxide dismutase

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6
Q

Phagocytosis Step 5: Elimination

A

Residual body

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7
Q

Inflammation

A

Second line of defense
Can be caused by microbes, physical and chemical agents
Host response to tissue damage
Serves to destroy the infectious agent, to confine it, and repair or replace the damage tissue

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8
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function

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9
Q

Intense inflammation and for short periods of time is what kind of inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation

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10
Q

Chronic inflammation is?

A

Less intense and long lasting inflamation

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11
Q

What are the effects of inflammation?

A

Destroy or limit infection

Repair the damage tissue

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12
Q

Fever

A

Hypothalamus control body temperature
During infection, products of microbes induce the release of cytokines such as interleukin-1 which is an endogenous pyrogen

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13
Q

Antimicrobial substances

A

Complement
Interferons
Iron binding proteins
Antimicrobial peptides

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14
Q

Complement

A

A group of >30 proteins activated as a cascade by a pathogen or by an antigen antibody reaction

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15
Q

Complement together action of these proteins destroy microbes by

A

Enhanced Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Cytolysis

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16
Q

What are the three complement pathways?

A

Classical Pathway
Alternate Pathway
Lectin Pathway

17
Q

Complement classical pathway

A

Initiated by antigen antibody complexes

18
Q

Initiated by the interaction between C3, factors B, D and P and the pathogen is what pathway

A

Complement alternate pathway

19
Q

Complement Lectin Pathway

A

Mannose binding lectin binds to Mannose on the surface of the microbes

20
Q

The end result of the complement cascade is?

A

Membrane attack complex

21
Q

Opsonin

A

Coats microbes and enhance phagocytosis (C3b)

22
Q

Anaphylatoxins

A

Induce release of histamine and result in severe allergic reactions (C3a, C5a)

23
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

Polymerisation of C5-C9

24
Q

Complement

A

C1-C9 with C3 being the most critical

25
Q

What is interferon?

A

A cytokine produced by virus infected cells, lymphocytes

26
Q

What are the three types if interferons?

A

Interferon alpha
Interferon beta
Interferon gamma

27
Q

Iron binding proteins

A

In the body iron is bound to molecules such as transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin

28
Q

Bacteria that contain siderophores do what?

A

Sequester iron form the body

29
Q

Which bacteria is more virulent? Ones with or without siderophores?

A

With siderophores

30
Q

What line of defense is Adaptive immune responses?

A

Third line of defense

31
Q

Is adaptive immune response specific or nonspecific?

A

Specific

32
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific immune response induced against a specific pathogen

33
Q

What are the dual nature of adaptive immunity?

A

Humortal response - Antibody

Cell mediated response - T cells

34
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Proteins that induce antibody response

35
Q

What is the specific region of an antigen which interacts with antibody

A

Epitopes (antigenic determinants)

36
Q

What is Hapten?

A

Low molecular weight compounds which can not induce an antibody response by itself
Attach to a carrier molecule to induce antibody response

37
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins called immunoglobulins. Produced by a B cell. One antibody molecule has two identical antigen binding sites which binds to antigen epitopes

38
Q

What is valence?

A

the number of antigen binding sites in an antibody

Microbiology (15 decks)

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