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RICS APC - CJDO > Construction Tech > Flashcards

Construction Tech Flashcards

1
Q

What is buildability?

A

Extent to which design of a building facilitates the ease of construction.

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2
Q

RIBA Stages?

A

0-7.
0 - Strategic Definition.
1 - Preparation and Brief.
2 - Concept Design.
3 - Spatial Co-ordination.
4 - Technical Design.
5 - Construction.
6 - Handover.
7 - Use.

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3
Q

Off-site vs in-situ construction?

A
  • Safety.
  • Efficiency.
  • Sustainability.
  • Speed.
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4
Q

Building works vs civil engineering works?

A

Building Works: all buildings.
Civil Eng Works: drainage, highways, bridges, etc.

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5
Q

What are temporary works?

A

Parts of a project needed to enable work, but not permanent. i.e. scaffolding, hoarding.

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6
Q

What are hoists?

A

Vertical transportation of materials/people.

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7
Q

What is shoring?

A

Temporary support to existing buildings/excavations to prevent collapse.

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8
Q

What is a culvert?

A

Tunnel-like structure, to allow water to flow under roads or other obstructions.

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9
Q

What is a drainage headwall?

A

Small retaining wall/structure at inlet or outfall of a storm water drainage pipe, to protect end of the drain, and prevent erosion.

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10
Q

What is the substructure?

A

Portion in the ground, supporting superstructure.
Foundations, basements, retaining walls.

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11
Q

What is ground heave?

A

Upward movement of the ground, often with clay soil when wet.

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12
Q

Ground improvement techniques?

A
  • Vibro compaction.
  • Vibro stone columns.
  • Vertical drains.
  • Soil mixing.
  • Dynamic compaction.
  • Dynamic replacement.
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13
Q

Forms of excavation?

A

Site clearance.
Stripping topsoil.
Cut and fill.
Foundation excavation.

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14
Q

Factors to consider while excavating?

A

Nature of the soil.
Method.
Ground support systems.
Existing buildings.
Depth.
Services.

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15
Q

Waterproofing basement techniques?

A

Tanking - materials applied internally or externally to provide continuous membrane to base slab/walls.
Drained cavity - accepts small amount of water seepage occurs, cavity walls formed and water is pumped/drained.

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16
Q

SUDS?

A

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems.
Manage stormwater locally, mimicking natural draining.

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17
Q

Detail a typical road build-up please?

A

From bottom to top:
- compacted subbase.
- base course.
- binder course.
- wearing/surface course.

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18
Q

What is a foundation?

A

Supports superstructures, transferring load to the ground.

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19
Q

Foundation considerations?

A

Load of the building.
Capacity of the ground.
Structure type.
Cost.
Constraints.

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20
Q

Types of foundation?

A

Strip.
Pad.
Raft.
Piled.

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21
Q

Raft foundation?

A

Continuous slab, spread over large area.

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22
Q

Pad foundation?

A

Support individual columns, square or rectangular.

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23
Q

Strip foundation?

A

Strip of linear structure to spread the load, supports masonry.

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24
Q

Pile foundations?

A

Column extends deep into the ground, for very heavy loads.

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25
Q

Types of piling?

A

End bearing piles.
Friction piles.

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26
Q

Construction methods of piling?

A

Bored piles.
Driven piles.

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27
Q

When is piled the best solution?

A

Very heavy loads with weak soil.
Settlement issues common.
Water table is high.
Non-uniform load distribution.

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28
Q

End bearing vs Friction piles?

A

End bearing - bottom sits on a strong layer of soil/rock.
Friction - stresses along side of the pile, transfers forces to the soil.

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29
Q

Bored v driven piles?

A

Driven is manufactured off site, bored is made on-site.

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30
Q

Pros and cons of driven piles?

A

Pros:
- Precast to required spec.
- Any size and shape can be made.
- Driven in compacts soil nearby.
Cons:
- Requires heavy equipment.
- Increased noise and vibration.
- Costly if mistakes are made.

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31
Q

Pros and cons of bored piles?

A

Pros:
- Any size or shape can be formed on site.
- No risk of damage during delivery.
- Reduced vibrations.
Cons:
- Wastage is generated to be handled.
- Relies on multiple trades.
- Do not improve load bearing of ground.

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32
Q

What are secant pile walls?

A

A wall of interlocking piles to make a solid barrier.

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33
Q

What is underpinning?

A

Repair and strengthening of existing foundations.
Needed due to erosion, vibration damage, increase load bearing.

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34
Q

What is superstructure?

A

Above ground level structure. i.e. walls, slab, columns.

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35
Q

What is the envelope of a building?

A

Boundary between interior and exterior of building.

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36
Q

Key considerations of external walls?

A

Weather protection.
Fire resistance.
Appearance.
Lifespan.
Maintenance.

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37
Q

What is a retained facade?

A

Facade of a building is preserved while the rest is remodelled.

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38
Q

Standard UK brick dimension?

A

215 x 102.5 x 65 mm.

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39
Q

How many UK bricks per m2?

A

60 bricks.

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40
Q

How many UK blocks per m2?

A

10 blocks.

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41
Q

What are weep holes?

A

Openings in outer skin of masonry, providing ventilation.

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42
Q

Two types of brick bond?

A

English Bond - Alternating headers and stretchers.
Stretcher bond - most common, vertical joints staggered each time by half a brick.

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43
Q

What is a curtain wall system?

A

Usually, lightweight aluminium frame where glazed or opaque panels are fixed.

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44
Q

What are movement joints?

A

Absorbs expansion/contraction of materials.

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45
Q

Wet rot vs dry rot?

A

Two types of fungi, 20% moisture vs 50% moisture.

46
Q

Characteristics of wet rot?

A

Spongy to the touch.
Darker timbers.
Localised.
Damp smell.

47
Q

Characteristics of dry rot?

A

Dry and brittle.
Orange spore dust.
White strands.
Rusty brown.

48
Q

Main components of concrete?

A

Cement.
Aggregate.
Water.

49
Q

Dead loads vs live loads on a structure?

A

Things that are part of the structure vs things that are moveable like people and furniture.

50
Q

What are retaining walls?

A

Wall that holds back the soil behind it.

51
Q

Pre-tensioned concrete?

A

Tendons or cables are stretched across concrete formwork before placing concrete.
Released after hardening.

52
Q

Post tensioned concrete methodology?

A

Cast around tubes which contains reinforcing tendon.
The tendons are threaded through ducts using jacks.

53
Q

What is a glulam beam?

A

Glue-laminated timber. Multiple layers of wood bonded with adhesive.

54
Q

Reinforced concrete?

A

combination of concrete with reinforcements like bars, rods and mesh.

55
Q

Advantages of timber frames?

A

Can be faster vs concrete.
Lightweight structure.
Aesthetically pleasing.
Sustainable.

56
Q

Disadvantages of timber?

A

Skilled workmanship required.
Potential for rot.
Fire protection needed.

57
Q

Advantages of steel frames?

A

Faster than concrete.
Recyclable.
High weight to strength ratio.

58
Q

Disadvantages of steel frames?

A

Lower load against concrete.
Fire protection required.
Steel prices volatile.

59
Q

What is a portal frame?

A

Beam supported at either end by columns.

60
Q

Advantages of concrete frames?

A

Inherent fire protection.
Cladding fixed direct to the frame.
Sound and heat insulation.
High strength.

61
Q

Disadvantages of concrete frames?

A

Require formwork.
Slower on-site construction.
Bulky structure.

62
Q

With reference to concrete frames, what is formwork?

A

Structure used to contain concrete and mould it.

63
Q

Considerations when selecting type of structural frame?

A

Programme.
Fire protection.
Acoustic/thermal.
Market conditions.
Site logistics.
User requirements.
BREEAM.
Future expansion.

64
Q

What is slipform construction?

A

Pouring concrete into the top of continuously moving formwork.

65
Q

What is jump forming?

A

Works similarly to slipform. Jumps to next section instead of constant movement up.

66
Q

Key considerations when constructing internal partitions?

A

Fire rating.
Acoustic/thermal.
Doors/windows.
Strength.
Height.

67
Q

What is a CAT A fit out?

A

Provided basic level of finish. Blank canvas for interior and office designers.

68
Q

What is a CAT B fit out?

A

Provides space ready to use and operate in.

69
Q

Common types of plasterboard?

A

Standard (white/grey)
Fire boards (pink)
Acoustic boards (blue)
Moisture resistant boards (green)

70
Q

What is raised access flooring?

A

Floor sitting on pedestals above the slab, allows services to be located in the void.

71
Q

Difference between single phase and three phase electrical supplies?

A

Single phase is 1 live wire, 3 phase is 3 live wires. 3 phase is better.

72
Q

Why do we install generators in addition to grid power?

A

As back-up usually diesel powered.

73
Q

What is a UPS?

A

Uninterruptable Power Supply - installed in critical areas like hospitals and data centres.

74
Q

What is HVAC?

A

Heating, Ventilation, and AC.

75
Q

What do FCU, AHU and VAV stand for?

A

Fan Coil Unit.
Air Handling Unit.
Variable Air Volume system.

76
Q

What is natural ventilation?

A

Method of supplying fresh air to a building or room by passive forces.

77
Q

What is mechanical ventilation?

A

Fan driven flow of air outdoors to inside.

78
Q

What is an air source heat pump?

A

Takes heat from the air and boosts it to higher temperature by compressor.

79
Q

What is a siphonic drainage system?

A

Contains anti-vortex plate which acts as a baffle and prevents air from entering piping.
Water is sucked or siphoned from the roof into the drain at high speed.
Lack of air improved the speed of drainage.

80
Q

What is rainscreen cladding?

A

Uses exterior surface to break sideways rain, to reduce momentum of water.
Not waterproof but helps the building.

81
Q

What is a parapet?

A

Extension of external building above roof level. Used as edge protection.

82
Q

Difference between Gable, Hipped and Mansard roof?

A

Gable - Sloping downward in tow parts from centre.
Hipped - slopes from all sides with no vertical ends.
Mansard - steep pitch with a shallow pitch or flat roof on top.

83
Q

What site surveys may be required for a project?

A

Tag and trace.
Topographic.
Site investigation.
Asbestos.
Utility searches.
Ecology surveys.
Archaeological.

84
Q

Objectives of a site investigation?

A

Establish parameters for foundation/substructure.

85
Q

What is a CBR test?

A

California Bearing Ratio.
Tests load bearing capacity of the ground.

86
Q

What types of vegetation can cause issues for construction?

A

Japanese knotweed.

87
Q

RICS guidance on Japanese knotweed?

A

Japanese knotweed and residential property 2022.

88
Q

What fire safety provisions may you find in a new building?

A

Max occupancy.
Fire evacuation.
Fire extinguishers.
Fire alarms.
Sprinklers.
Fire rated roller shutters.

89
Q

What is a fire compartment?

A

Divides structure into compartments to limit the spread of fire and smoke.

90
Q

What is intumescent paint?

A

Passive fire protection. Expands to protect the surface when heated.

91
Q

What are automatic fire sprinklers?

A

Heat activated. A solder link will melt or glass bulb shatters to activate the sprinkler.

92
Q

Different types of fire extinguisher?

A

Water - wood.
Foam - flammable liquid.
Dry powder - flammable liquid/electrical.
CO2 - electrical.
Wet chemical - cooking oil.

93
Q

What is a mansafe fall arrest system?

A

Horizontal or vertical safety lines to keep safe while working at height.

94
Q

What are building regulations?

A

Regulations to ensure new buildings are safe, healthy and high performing.

95
Q

Can you list the Building Regulations Approved Documents?

A

Part A - Structure.
Part B - Fire Safety.
Part C - Site Preparation.
Part D - Toxic Substance.
Part E - Sound Resistance.
Part F - Ventilation.
Part G - Sanitation.
Part H - Drainage and waste disposal.
Part J - Combustion appliances.
Part K - Protection from falling, collision and impact.
Part L - Conservation of fuel and power.
Part M - Access to and use of buildings.
Part O - Overheating.
Part P - Electrical safety.
Part Q - Security in dwellings.
Part R - High speed electronic communication networks.
Part S - Infrastructure for charging electric vehicles.
Approve Document 7 - Materials and workmanship.

96
Q

Who reviews design and construction phases for compliance with Building Regs?

A

Building control officer or approved inspector.

97
Q

What are British Standards?

A

Publications issued by British Standards Institution (BS).

98
Q

Name materials banned from construction use?

A

Asbestos.
High alumina cement in structures.
Urea Formaldehyde.

99
Q

What is the Equality Act 2010?

A

Legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and society.
Disability, race, sex, pregnancy, religion etc.

100
Q

How does the Equality Act affect buildings?

A

While the accessible design of buildings is in Part M of Building Regulations, the Equality Act requires adjustments are made to provide access to goods, facilities and services.

101
Q

What is the Party Wall Act 1996?

A

Provides framework for preventing and resolving disputes in relation to party walls. Separate from planning permission.

102
Q

What is an O&M manual?

A

Operation and Maintenance Manual.
Contains information on the building construction, maintenance, cleaning and decommissioning.

103
Q

Name some different types of glazing?

A

Laminated.
Tempered.
Clear.
Single, double, triple.

104
Q

Benefits of pre-fabrication and examples?

A

H&S, time on site, cheaper, specified to requirements.
Modular building elements, multi-faith pods, piling, bathroom pods.

105
Q

Name 3 sustainable construction methods?

A

SUDS.
Green roofs.
Electric plant vehicles.
Solar power.
Rainwater harvesting.

106
Q

What is a pile cap?

A

Spreads the load by use of a single slab on top of piling.

107
Q

What is the make up of a green roof?

A

Soil and materials that are permeable, to reduce the risk of flooding and absorb rainwater.

108
Q

Top-down vs bottom-up construction methods?

A

Top down involves completing each layer from top to bottom.
Bottom-up involves excavating the entire area before building the foundation from the lowest level.

109
Q

What is a CFA pile?

A

Continuous Flight Auger Piling involves a drill that is hollow, and puts concrete into the ground as the hole is drilled.

110
Q

What is a typical rate for Concrete?

A

£100 per m3 of concrete. Can vary between £80-£120 depending on location and currently inflation rates.

111
Q

What is a typical rate for Steel?

A

At Heathrow a typical benchmark for steel is in the range of £9k-10k per tonne, however this can vary depending on the steel and usage. The steel at Heathrow is more expensive than what would be typically cheaper.

112
Q

What is RAAC?

A

Reinforced Auto-Enclaved Aerated Concrete:
Much weaker and commonly used between 1950 and 1990, a health and safety hazard s a result.

RICS APC - CJDO (24 decks)

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