Congenital Heart Disorders, and Heart Sounds

Question 1

crescendo-descrescendo systolic ejection murmur, heard at the left 2nd intercostal space

Answer 1

Atrial septal defect > moderate patent foramen ovale

Question 2

most common adult ASD

Answer 2

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole between the left and right atria (upper chambers) of the heart

Question 3

rumbling mid-diastolic murmur at the lower left sternal border, fixed splitting of S2

Answer 3

Atrial septal defect > large patent foramen ovale

increased flow of across the tricuspid valve

Question 4

coarctation of the aorta is most commonly associated with this valvular defect? this disease?

Answer 4

bicuspid aortic valve 50%

Turner syndrome 35%

Question 5

seen as HTN in the upper extremities and decreased BP in the lower > 20 mmHg usu

Answer 5

coarctation of the aorta

Question 6

closure of this structure usually occurs within 15 hours of life

Answer 6

ductus arteriosus

Question 7

a PDA is a connection between which 2 structures?

Answer 7

the descending aorta and left pulmonary artery

Question 8

pink upper body and cyanotic lower body

Answer 8

PDA. the ductus arteriosus occurs after the left subclavian artery

due to systemic blood > pulmonary circulation > pulmonary HTN

Question 9

machinery murmur - heard during systole and diastole, at the left infraclavicular area

Answer 9

PDA

Question 10

most common cyanotic heart defect, usu dx at 2-4 mo

Answer 10

tetralogy of fallot

Question 11

combination of conditions seen in TOF?

Answer 11

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Ventral septal defect

Question 12

initially a L>R shunt, then becomes a R>L shunt

Answer 12

TOF

Question 13

loud S2

Answer 13

pulmonary stenosis in TOF

Question 14

harsh systolic ejection murmur and thrill along left sternal border

Answer 14

TOF

Question 15

most common CHD in children (30-50%)

Answer 15

ventricular septal defect

Question 16

early systolic/holosystolic murmur at LLSB and thrill, middiastolic rumble at apex

Answer 16

VSD

the size of the VSD in inversely related to the intensity of the murmur

Question 17

apical holosystolic murmur that radiates to the left axilla. This is often accompanied by an S3 gallop followed by an early diastolic rumble due to ?

Answer 17

chronic mitral regurgitation
the rush of blood from an enlarged left atrium

Chronic mitral regurgitation is often developed after an asymptomatic history of mitral valve prolapse, and can lead to fatigue and DOE over time, progressing to heart failure.

Because this a condition in which the heart valves are not functioning properly, infection is a common occurrence, and antibiotic prophylaxis is usually provided to patients with mitral regurgitation who have a murmur and abnormal leaflet function.