Conception PPT Flashcards
The meiotic process by which male gametes are produced
Spermatogenesis
The process by which female gametes are produced
Oogenesis
What is the smallest cell in the body?
Sperm
When does production of sperm begin?
At puberty in response to testosterone
What is an important factor in production of adequate numbers of sperm?
Temperature
How are sperm transported?
In secretions from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland (seminal fluid)
What is the pH of seminal fluid? Why?
Alkaline–helps neutralize the normally acidic female vagina in an attempt to assure viability of the sperm until it can fertilize an ovum
What is the lifespan of sperm after ejaculation?
48-72 hours
How much sperm is in a normal ejaculation?
200-500 million
How is sperm transported..like what characteristic of it?
It has a flagellated, whip like motion
Can low sperm lead to infertility?
Yes
What is the average travel time from sperm to egg?
4-6 hours, but can reach in as little as 5 minutes
When do oocytes form?
12 weeks gestation
Is sperm cyclic?
No
Is ova follicle cyclic?
Yes, ovarian cycle
How many mature eggs does a female have in lifetime?
400-500
When does ovulation occur?
14 days (+/- 2) before the next menstrual period
What is hyaluronidase?
Path through cells for sperm to reach ovum
Removes the protective coating from the heads of the sperm
Capictation
Who determines sex of baby: male or female?
Male
23 pairs from each parent
22 are autosomes, leaving 2 chromosomes (or 1 pair) to determine the sex. Female can only give an X, so if dad gives an X sex is female, if dad gives a Y, sex in male
What secretes HCG to make sure the corpus luteum remains viable?
Blastocyst
How long does corpus leuteum secrete estrogen and progesterone?
First 2-3 months of pregnancy
When does mitotic cellular replication (cleavage) occur?
As baby (zygote) is propelled toward uterus
How many cells does morula have?
16
What is the out layer of cells in zygote?
Trophoblast
What is inner layer of cells in zygote?
Blastocyst (baby)
When is blastocyst implanted?
6-8 days after ovulation
Where is the site of implantation?
Upper portion of the uterus
What develops the chronic villi?
Trophoblast (outer layer)
What is chorionic villi?
Projections that extend into endometrium and tap into maternal blood supply for O2 and nutrients
After implantation the endometrium will now be referred to as _____
Decidua
Where is the decade basalis?
Beneath the blastocyst
Is IUD an inhibitor of implantation?
Yes, interferes with both fertilization and implantation
An IUD is medicated with copper or progesterone. What does progesterone do in this case?
Changes cervical mucus and endometrium to prevent fertilization
*IUD may cause substances to accumulate in the uterus and interfere with implantation; it can also scar the uterus and if it goes up too far it can implant into the cervical wall
Term for conception to day 14
Ovum
Time period for term embryo
Day 15-8 weeks
What happens in embryonic period?
Organs are forming and it is at greatest vulnerability
When do we start referring to baby as fetus?
8 weeks-birth
Period of ovum encompasses cellular replication from zygote to blastocyst formation and the differentiation into 3 primary germ layers of cells. What are the 3 germ layers?
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
What does the ectoderm develop into?
Ectoderm is the outer layer, so trophoblasts and develops into the placenta, integument, neural tissue and glands
What does the mesoderm form?
Muscles Bones CT Circulatory system Gentiourinary system
What does the endoderm form?
Digestive, respiratory, and part of GU system
The _____ stage is the most critical time in the development of the organ systems and the external features. Developing areas with rapid cell division are the most vulnerable to malformation by _____
Embryonic stage; environmental teratogens
Environmental substances or exposures that result in functional or structural disability
Teratogen
*time of exposure is an important factor!
Inner membrane that surrounds the baby
Amniotic sac
Is the amniotic sac the shiny shultz or dirty dunken?
Shiny shultz
What is the purpose of the amniotic sac and fluid?
- Oral fluid for fetus
- Repository for wastes (urine, meconium)
- Assists with lung development
How much amniotic fluid is there?
Volume: 800-122 mL
What color is the amniotic fluid?
Transparent yellow
Is there an odor to amniotic fluid?
Yes, characteristic odor but should NOT be mal-odorous
When is meconium released into the AF?
When baby is stressed or distressed
What if AF is meconium stained at delivery?
Its a concern! It could mean they’ve had meconium aspiration
How much AF is there at 16 weeks gestation?
200-300 mL; this is a sufficient amount for amniocentesis at this time
How much AF is there at delivery?
100-1200 mL
What is ballottment?
If the examiner does an exam and the baby bounces against the examiners hand, it means the baby is not ready to come down…it has not descended down enough
What is olighydraminos? What is this associated with?
Less than 300 mL of AF
Associated with fetal kidney obstruction or renal agenesis
What is polyhydraminos? What is it associated with?
Greater than 2000 mL
Associated with esophageal atresia and with severe CNS anomalies
What are some functions of AF?
- Protects fluid from mechanical injury
- Maintains stable, THERMAL environment
Is AF acidic or alkaline?
Slightly alkaline
AF contains lecithin and sphingomyelin. What is this?
L/S is a major component of surfactant, which is what keeps the alveoli open and makes it slippery so the lungs don’t stick together.
What indicates fetal lung maturity?
L:S ration of 2:1
What color does the L/S of AF turn the nitrazine paper?
Blue
Urine is acidic and turns paper red
What happens if the baby’s head gets caught between the fetal head/maternal pelvis?
Can cause decels
What happens if the cord gets caught around the baby?
Deoxygenated baby
What is the nursing actions for rupture of membranes?
-Always be checking fetal monitor for DECELERATIONS IN FETAL HR
What does the placenta do? (3)
- Provides nutrients (O2) and removes waster (CO2)
- Metabolizes drugs and other substances
- Produces estrogen and progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy
How does placenta look?
Flat, disc shaped
What are the intervillous spaces of the placenta?
Large spaces separating chorionic villi in the placenta
Blood enters the intervillous spaces from _______ that penetrate the basal part of the placenta
Uterine arteries
How is oxygenated blood transported to the fetus?
Umbillical vein
How is oxygen depleted blood left from fetus?
Chorionic villi by umbilical arteries
What artery has deoxygenated blood?
Endometrial artery
What vein returns oxygenated blood to fetus?
Endometrial vein
What is the main source of estrogen and progesterone until 3rd month of preg?
Corpus luteum
By the end of the 3rd month, ____ produces most of the hormones
Placenta
What does estrogen do?
Stimulates uterine development to provide environment for baby
What does progesterone do?
Relaxes uterine muscles and prevents spontaneous abortion
Placenta: How is there transfer of O2 and CO2
Through intervillous spaces
What hormones builds/develops the baby?
Estrogen
What hormones maintains the pregnancy?
Progesterone
What can happen if preg mom is in a recumbent position?
DECREASED blood flow r/t maternal position (vena cava syndrome)…..cuts of O2 and nutrition to baby!!
What can happen to the baby with blood pressure changes in the mother?
Increased or decreased changes can lead to vasoconstriction causing the perfusion to be limited and blood to the baby is DECREASED
What is an example of a vasoconstrictor drug?
Nicotine
What if we walk in the room and see mom laying on her back?
We don’t want the mom to be flat on her back!!!, if she is turn her slightly to one side and wedge a small pillow under the hip
What connects the fetus and placenta?
Umbilical cord
Where does the umbilical cord arise from?
Center of fetal side of placenta
What does the umbilical cord contain?
1 large vein and 2 arteries
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste from fetus
Vein carries oxygenated blood and O2 & nutrients to fetus
What are the vein and arteries of the umbilical cord surrounded by?
Wharton’s jelly
What are some functions of umbilical cord?
- Transport O2 and nutrients from mom to baby and waste back into maternal blood
- Permits free movement for baby w/in the membranes
What happens if the cord is knotted?
Can cut off circulation to the baby
What if the cord is caught between the baby head and ischial spine during birth or ROM?
Fetal hypoxia
What if mom is in labor and we check her and see the cord visible?
Keep and hold the head off the cord!!!
