Community Dental Health Flashcards
What are the 4 government levels of Community Dental Health?
International, Federal, State, and Local
What is the prime example of International level?
WHO - World Health Organization
What are a couple Federal agencies?
DHHS - Department of Health and Human Services
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and prevention
What does the Federal government do for dental?
Acts on oral health problems of national significance.
What does the State government do?
Provides consultation services to local health departments
What does the Local government do?
Administers county and city programs. example Fluoridation
What is Epidemiology?
Study of health and disease in populations
-requires the disease to be measured quantitatively.
What is quantitatively?
information that can be counted or expressed numerically and is often collected in experiments. represented in graphs and charts.
Epidemiologic studies: What is Prevalence
usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing a disease at any given time.
Epidemiologice studies: What is Incidences?
refers to the annual diagnosis rate or the number of new cases of a particular disease diagnosed each year.
Prevalence and Incidence how they can differ: just an example.
short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence while a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
Define Epidemic:
unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population at a particular place and time.
-example - meningitis outbreak among senior high school students enrolled at Borah High School during fall quarter)
Define Endemic:
A disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
- example - hay fever during spring
Define Pandemic:
An outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area often worldwide
- example - worldwide Ebola scare (WHO)
Research Methods:
What is a descriptive study?
All subjects receive the treatment and this is no formal control group.
Research Methods:
What is analytical study?
Tests hypotheses to establish cause.
In a descriptive study: Define cross-sectional study.
-Determines who is getting the disease and where and when the disease is occuring
“SNAPSHOT”
- type of descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population
What are uses for Epidemiology?
Examines effects of host factors (age, gender, race, immunity), biological causes (bacteria, virus, fungus), physical environment (sun exposure, industrial pollutants, radiation), and lifestyle considerations (socioeconomic status, drug/alcohol consumption, diet)
Uses for epidemiology includes: there are 6
- Collecting data to describe normal biological processes
- Understanding the natural history of a disease process
- Measuring the distribution of a disease in a given population
- Identifying determinants of disease
- Testing hypotheses for prevention and control of a disease through studies
- Planning and evaluating health care servies
What is a null hypothesis?
-there is an example
Referred to ‘HO’
Hypothesis which a researcher tries to disprove or nullify
-Easier to disprove hypothesis than eliminate all potential contributing factors.
- It is a preferred method
-Example - daily flossing does not lower interproximal caries rate
What is an alternative hypothesis?
-there is an example
Referred to ‘H1’
Alternate way to explain the phenomenon
-Example - daily flossing decreases interproximal caries rate
What is experimental analytical studies?
Carried out under controlled setting
-Example - laboratory or clinical
There are 2 different experimental blindness in the experimental analytical study what are they?
Blindness and Double blind
Define a blindness experimental study:
Researcher remains uniformed; prevents bias
Define a double blind experimental study:
Neither the researcher nor the subjects know who is receiving treatment.
Out of these 2 studies which one is the best way to avoid bias? Blindness or Double Blind
Double blind.
Define Obersvational Analytical study.
You observe ONLY
What are the 3 types of observational analytical study:
- Cohort
- Case control
- Cross Sectional
What is a Cohort study?
- “Prospective”
- Follows large group over a period of time to evaluate effects of variables on health.
Which study is preferred over Case-control studies? Cohort or Cross sectional
and why?
- Cohort (prospective) study
- Because researchers are not looking back in time
In Cohort study if both groups are observed simultaneously what is the investigation called?
Concurrent cohort study / prospective cohort study
What is a Case Control study?
- In the Future
- “Retrospective”
- 2 groups of subjects: 1 with the condition (case) and 1 without (control)
What is a Cross Sectional study?
- Back in time
- Descriptive study that measures disease and exposure status simultaneously.
- SNAPSHOT
What is a Longitudinal study?
-Refers to ANY type of study that is long-term
Define variables:
What are the 2 types?
What is being observed or measured.
-Dependent variable and Independent Variable
Define Dependent Variable:
- The outcome of interest
- Should change in response to some intervention
- HINT - the DEPENDent variable DEPENDS on the independent variable.
Define the Independent Variable:
- The intervention
- HINT - ‘In” is in BOTH independent and intervention
- the independent variable is manipulated to produce a response to the dependent variable.
What are the research samples: There are 5 of them
- Random Sample
- Stratified Sample
- Systematic Sample
- Judgment Sample
- Convenience Sample
Define Random Sample:
every element in the population has an EQUAL chance of being selected (REDUCES THE CHANCE OF BIAS)
- example - pick names out of a phone book.
Define Stratified Sample:
- Selecting an element according to certain subgroups
- Selecting a proportionate number of participants from each subgroup for the sample.
- Example - Identify all of the dental hygiene schools attending this board review and select 2 numbers from each school
Define Systematic Sample:
- Select every “nth” to participate
- Example - count off by 6 and then form groups based on like numbers
Define Judgment Sample:
- Someone familiar with the population selects the sample
- HIGH chance of bias
- Example - your class president selects fellow students to be in one of 4 table clinic groups
Define Convenience Sample:
- Sample group is chosen based solely on convenience
- May or may not increase bias
- Example - the 1st 10 people to walk through the door today were asked to fill out a questionaire
