Community Dental Health Flashcards
What are the 4 government levels of Community Dental Health?
International, Federal, State, and Local
What is the prime example of International level?
WHO - World Health Organization
What are a couple Federal agencies?
DHHS - Department of Health and Human Services
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and prevention
What does the Federal government do for dental?
Acts on oral health problems of national significance.
What does the State government do?
Provides consultation services to local health departments
What does the Local government do?
Administers county and city programs. example Fluoridation
What is Epidemiology?
Study of health and disease in populations
-requires the disease to be measured quantitatively.
What is quantitatively?
information that can be counted or expressed numerically and is often collected in experiments. represented in graphs and charts.
Epidemiologic studies: What is Prevalence
usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing a disease at any given time.
Epidemiologice studies: What is Incidences?
refers to the annual diagnosis rate or the number of new cases of a particular disease diagnosed each year.
Prevalence and Incidence how they can differ: just an example.
short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence while a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
Define Epidemic:
unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population at a particular place and time.
-example - meningitis outbreak among senior high school students enrolled at Borah High School during fall quarter)
Define Endemic:
A disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
- example - hay fever during spring
Define Pandemic:
An outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area often worldwide
- example - worldwide Ebola scare (WHO)
Research Methods:
What is a descriptive study?
All subjects receive the treatment and this is no formal control group.
Research Methods:
What is analytical study?
Tests hypotheses to establish cause.
In a descriptive study: Define cross-sectional study.
-Determines who is getting the disease and where and when the disease is occuring
“SNAPSHOT”
- type of descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population
What are uses for Epidemiology?
Examines effects of host factors (age, gender, race, immunity), biological causes (bacteria, virus, fungus), physical environment (sun exposure, industrial pollutants, radiation), and lifestyle considerations (socioeconomic status, drug/alcohol consumption, diet)
Uses for epidemiology includes: there are 6
- Collecting data to describe normal biological processes
- Understanding the natural history of a disease process
- Measuring the distribution of a disease in a given population
- Identifying determinants of disease
- Testing hypotheses for prevention and control of a disease through studies
- Planning and evaluating health care servies
What is a null hypothesis?
-there is an example
Referred to ‘HO’
Hypothesis which a researcher tries to disprove or nullify
-Easier to disprove hypothesis than eliminate all potential contributing factors.
- It is a preferred method
-Example - daily flossing does not lower interproximal caries rate
What is an alternative hypothesis?
-there is an example
Referred to ‘H1’
Alternate way to explain the phenomenon
-Example - daily flossing decreases interproximal caries rate
What is experimental analytical studies?
Carried out under controlled setting
-Example - laboratory or clinical
There are 2 different experimental blindness in the experimental analytical study what are they?
Blindness and Double blind
Define a blindness experimental study:
Researcher remains uniformed; prevents bias
