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AP Bio > Communication Systems > Flashcards

Communication Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

innate immunity

A

defense immediately upon infection

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

molecular recognition and response

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3
Q

difference between innate and adaptive

A

Adaptive is acquired and enhanced by previous exposure. Innate is the same no matter previous exposure.

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4
Q

key cell in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes: type of WBC

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5
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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6
Q

antigen

A

any substance that elicits response from B or T cells

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7
Q

antigen receptor

A

protein on B and T cells where they bind to antigens for recognition

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8
Q

antibody

A

soluble form of antigen receptor secreted by B cells

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9
Q

How do B cells recognize foreign invaders?

A

B cell receptors bind to the epitope of the antigen on the pathogen

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10
Q

How do T cells recognize foreign invaders?

A

T cells receptors bind to antigen fragments presented on surface of a protein called MHC molecule

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11
Q

Major characteristics of the immune system:

A
  1. diversity of receptors
  2. self tolerance
  3. clonal selection
  4. immunological memory
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12
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

an encounter with an antigen selects/dictates which lymphocyte to proliferate

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13
Q

humoral response

A

B cells eliminate pathogens in blood and lymph

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14
Q

cell-mediated response

A

T cells destroy infected host cells

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15
Q

helper T cells

A

send signal to initiate antibody production and activate T cells

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16
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

eliminate (lyse) infected cells

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17
Q

plasma cell

A

antibody factories. antibody-secreting effector cells

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18
Q

What are the antibody-mediated mechanisms for antigen disposal

A

neutralization
opsonization
pore formation

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19
Q

neutralization

A

block ability to bind to host cells

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20
Q

opsonization

A

tag for phagocytosis

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21
Q

pore formation

A

water rushes in, cell swells and lyses

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22
Q

effector cells

A

take effect immediately against antigen

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23
Q

memory cells

A

give rise to effector cells if same antigen encountered

24
Q

primary immune response

A

production of effector cells on first exposure

25
Q

secondary immune response

A

faster and greater response if previous exposure

26
Q

Which is faster: primary or secondary IR?

A

secondary

27
Q

Basic function of immune system and how modes of operation carry it out

A

limit infection by destruction or inactivation of invaders

28
Q

basic function of endocrine system

A

change cell activity

29
Q

endocrine system

A

system of communication and regulation through chemical signalling by hormones

30
Q

What are the two types of cellular response pathways in the endocrine system?

A

water soluble (polypeptides and amines) and lipid-soluble (steroids, hydrophobic)

31
Q

signal transduction

A

series of changes in cellular proteins to convert extracellular chemical signal to intracellular response

32
Q

Water soluble pathway

A
  1. hormone secreted by exocytosis
  2. binds to cell surface signal receptor
  3. triggers cascade that synthesizes cAMP, activates protein kinase, and activates an enzyme
33
Q

what is cAMP also known as?

A

second messenger

34
Q

lipid soluble pathway

A
  1. hormonediffuses out of cell
  2. diffuses into target and binds to intracellular receptor
  3. hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus and alters transcription
35
Q

negative feedback

A

response reduces initial stimulus to prevent excessive activity

36
Q

positive feedback

A

response reinforces stimulus and elicits more response

37
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

pair of negatively regulated hormone pathways that counterbalance

38
Q

Explain insulin-glucagon system

A

control of blood glucose

  • when high, insulin triggers uptake from blood to body cells to lower the concentration
  • when low, glucagon promotes release of glucose into blood from energy stores to increase the concentration
39
Q

Explain calcitonin-PTH system

A

control of Ca2+ in blood

  • when high, calcitonin inhibits break down of bone matrix
  • when low, PTH stimulates release from bones and absorption into blood
40
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that transfer info in body

41
Q

nerves

A

bundles of neurons

42
Q

cell body of neuron

A

directs activities

43
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages

44
Q

axons

A

transmit messages

45
Q

Synapse

A

Junction where axonal terminal transmits message to next cell

46
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

47
Q

Resting potential is

A

-70 millivolts mV

48
Q

Impulse sent is called

A

Action potential, massive change in membrane voltage

49
Q

Polarization

A

Potassium K+ pumped I’m through ion channels, sodium Na+ pumped out through ion channels

Forms resting potential

50
Q

Depolarization

A

Sodium rushes back in, potential energy now positive. This change pushes the impulse through the neuron to the axonal terminals.

51
Q

Threshold

A

When membrane voltage reaches a particular value, action potential occurs

52
Q

Refractory period

A

Repolarization, downtime before a second action potential can be released

53
Q

How is a signal conducted between neurons?

A
  1. Action potential arrives and depolarizes
  2. Voltage-gated channels letting in Ca2+
  3. Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and releases neurotransmitters
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to ion channels in postsynaptic membrane, to let sodium and potassium through
54
Q

How does nervous system convey info?

A

Electrical signals

55
Q

How do neurons speed up rate of an impulse?

A

Wider axons in invertebrates

Myelin sheath acts as Insulation to let current spread farther along axon

56
Q

Information processing

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

AP Bio (16 decks)

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