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AP Bio > Ch 6+7 > Flashcards

Ch 6+7 Flashcards

1
Q

What devices are used to examine life at the cellular level?

A

light microscope, electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope

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2
Q

Which microscope can study living cells in color?

A

light microscope

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3
Q

Which microscope has a very high resolution?

A

electron microscope

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4
Q

Which microscope is used for detailed study of topography?

A

SEM

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5
Q

Which microscope is used to study the internal structure of cells?

A

TEM

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6
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cell structure

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7
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

study of chemical processes of cells

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8
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other structures

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9
Q

Steps of cell fractionation

A

homogenization (break up cell)

centrifugation (spin test tubes for separations)

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10
Q

Why do small cells work better than large cells?

A

Small cells have a greater ratio of surface area to volume. Cells need enough surface area to handle passage of enough substances to service cell. Volume grows proportionately more than surface area.

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11
Q

What encloses the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

A

nuclear envelope

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12
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

lines inner membrane of nuclear envelope to maintain shape

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13
Q

What is the dense sphere in the nucleus and what does it contain?

A

Nucleolus where rRNA and subunits of ribosomes are synthesized

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14
Q

What is chromatin?

A

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

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15
Q

Nuclear pore

A

channel for substance transport between cytoplasm and nucleus

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16
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

carry out protein synthesis

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17
Q

In what 2 arrays can ribosomes be found?

A

free: suspended in cytosol
bound: attached the ER of nuclear envelope

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18
Q

Components of endomembrane system?

A

nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole

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19
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

generate ATP through cellular respiration

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20
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

create chemical energy through photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is cristae?

A

Folded inner membrane of mitochondria that separates it into inter membrane space and matrix, which contains enzymes and DNA and ribosomes

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22
Q

Proteins for cellular respirations are ______ into the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

embedded

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23
Q

What is stroma?

A

Fluid outside thylakoids in chloroplast

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24
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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25
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened, interconnected sacs in the chloroplast

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26
Q

What is the function of a peroxisome and how does it do so?

A

To prevent poisoning of the cell

Removes O2 from substrates to break down and detoxify, producing H202. Simultaneously it breaks down H2O2 into water.

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27
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

support, shape, motility

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28
Q

Microtubules

A

framework, tracks for movement, made of tubulin

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29
Q

Microfilaments

A

muscle contraction, changing shape, made of actin

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30
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

cell shape, anchor nucleus, made of keratin

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31
Q

Cell motility requires interaction of cytoskeleton with:

A

motor proteins

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32
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

microtubule-containing extensions from membrane that move fluid over surface

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33
Q

Structure of cilia and flagella

A

nine doublets of microtubules in ring and two single microtubules in center

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34
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

microtubule organizing center

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35
Q

What is middle lamella?

A

sticky polysaccharides between primary walls of adjacent cells to glue them together.

36
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

communicates info about changes to environment

37
Q

What separates last in centrifugation?

38
Q

Where is DNA concentrated in prokaryotes?

39
Q

Which organelle is manufactures lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium?

40
Q

Vacuole: Animal vs. plant

A

Plant cells have one large vacuole

41
Q

What transports materials between places in the cell?

42
Q

Glycoproteins

A

has covalently bonded carbohydrates

43
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

receive, modify, store, package proteins

44
Q

Function of rough ER

A

creates secretory proteins and membranes

45
Q

Function of lysosome

A

digest macromolecules

46
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

ancestor of eukaryote engulfed prokaryotes, which evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts

47
Q

Types of animal cell junctions

A

tight, gap, desmosome

48
Q

Plant junction

A

plasmodesmata

49
Q

tight junction

A

prevents leakage between cells

50
Q

desmosome

51
Q

gap junction

A

door/channel between cells

52
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

allows some substances to cross more easily than others

53
Q

What is the word meaning to have both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region?

A

amphipathic

54
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded or attached to phospholipid bilayer

55
Q

Integral proteins

A

penetrate hydrophobic interior

56
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

span whole membrane

57
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely bound to surface of membrane

58
Q

cholesterol in membranes

A

“fluidity buffer” wedged between phospholipds

59
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

transport, enzymatic activity, signal reception, cell-cell recognition, intercellular junctions, attachment to cytoskeleton or ECM

60
Q

Glycoproteins and glycolipids are used in:

A

cell-cell recognition

61
Q

Organelles involved in manufacturing membrane compounds:

A

ER: synthesis of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins
Golgi: modify and create glycolipids
Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release secretory proteins.

62
Q

Diffusion

A

spreading out of molecules to fill space evenly, passive

63
Q

Osmosis:

A

diffusion of free water across selectively permeable membrane

64
Q

Types of osmosis

A

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

65
Q

Isotonic

A

same concentrations inside and out, no net movement

66
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher outside concentration, lose water and shrivel

67
Q

Hypotonic

A

Higher inside concentration, take in water and burst

68
Q

What is the control of solute concentrations and water balance?

A

Osmoregulation

69
Q

Turgid plant cell

A

very firm wall opposes further intake of water form hypotonic solution when cell has expanded enough

70
Q

Flaccid plant cell

A

limp, no net tendency for water to enter from isotonic solution

71
Q

Plasmolysis

A

plasma membrane pulls away from plant cell wall as cell shrivels, which causes wilting, happens in hypertonic solution

72
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

polar molecules and ions diffuse passively with help of transport proteins

73
Q

Ion channels

A

channel proteins that transport ions

74
Q

Gated channels

A

open or close in response to a stimulus

75
Q

Active transport

A

expend energy to move against concentration gradient

76
Q

What protein assists in active transport?

A

carrier proteins

77
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Animal cell has higher concentration of potassium ions and lower concentrations of sodium ions than environment, pump maintains this

78
Q

Cotransport

A

one pump causes indirect active transport of other substances

79
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

concentration and membrane potential (voltage across membrane)

80
Q

Methods of bulk transport

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles fuse with membrane and spill out contents

82
Q

Endocytosis

A

take in mater by forming new vesicles

83
Q

Phagoendocytosis

A

engulfs matter with pseudopodia

84
Q

pinoendocytosis

A

gulps nonspecific fluid

85
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

bulk transport of specific matter identified when ligand binds to receptor site

86
Q

Ligand

A

molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site

AP Bio (16 decks)

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