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AP Bio > Ch 16 > Flashcards

Ch 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a DNA molecule is copied

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2
Q

Frederick’s Griffith’s experiment

A

When he mixed the remains of heat-killed pathogenic bacteria with living nonpathogenic bacteria, some of the living cells became pathogenic. Demonstrated transformation

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3
Q

transformation

A

change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA

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4
Q

bacteriophages/phages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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5
Q

virus

A

DNA enclosed in protective protein coat

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6
Q

How does a virus reproduce?

A

reproduce by infecting cell and taking over metabolic machinery

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7
Q

When was Griffith’s experiment?

A

1928

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8
Q

How did Hershey and Chase demonstrate that nucleic acids were the genetic material?

A

Used radioactive sulfur to tag the protein and radioactive phosphorus to tag the DNA of T2 phages. Only the phosphorus tagged DNA entered the host cells, so nucleic acids transmitted the genetic information

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9
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A
  1. Base composition varies between species

2. The number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

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10
Q

double helix

A

presence of two strands

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11
Q

antiparallel

A

the strands, specifically the backbones, run in opposite directions

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12
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

a nitrogenous base, a five carbon ring, and a phosphate group

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13
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

just the base and carbon ring

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14
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

the double helix

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15
Q

Purines

A

2 rings, A and G

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16
Q

Pyrimidines

A

1 ring, T and C

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17
Q

According the complementary base pairing property, which bases pair with each other

A

A and T

G and C

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18
Q

What holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together?

A

phosphodiester linkage

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19
Q

What holds base pairs together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

How many bonds hold A and T together?

A

2

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21
Q

How many bonds hold G and C together?

A

3

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22
Q

Why does the twisted helix form?

A
  • negative oxygens in the backbone repel each other
  • bond angles
  • Van der Waals interactions
23
Q

A ____ always pairs with a _____

A

purine and pyrimidine

24
Q

Name of the five carbon ring

A

deoxyribose

25
Q

What is meant by 3’ and 5’?

A

Refer to the direction of the strand. Named for carbon #3 and carbon #5 on the ring.

26
Q

What were the two main potential models for DNA replication?

A

conservative and semiconservative

27
Q

conservative model

A

original strands ultimately stay together and the new strands form a separate helix

28
Q

semiconservative model

A

each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one new strand

29
Q

The original parental strand acts as a ______ for replication

A

template

30
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

Proved the semiconservative model. DNA with light 14N was provided with heavy 15N for replication. When the replicated DNA was centrifuged, it only showed a band of 14N/15N.

31
Q

origin of replications

A

short stretches of DNA with a specific nucleotide sequence where replication starts

32
Q

replication bubble

A

opening created by the separation of strands from which replication proceeds in both directions

33
Q

replication fork

A

Y-shaped region where parental strands are unwound

34
Q

primer

A

initial RNA chain synthesized by primase in DNA replication and produced as a starting point for base insertion

35
Q

DNA polymerases

A

enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

36
Q

DNA polymerases only move…

A

forward from 5’ to 3’ of the synthesized strand

37
Q

leading strand

A

continuously adds bases, only one primer needed

38
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesized discontinuously and requires multiple primers

39
Q

How did Chargaff’s rules contribute to the understanding of the DNA double helix

A

The equal numbers of bases created the idea that each had a complement on a complementary strand.

40
Q

Why do we use the terms “leading” and “lagging” strands in DNA replication?

A

Leading continues as the strands unwind, but the lagging strand is delayed because it must wait for enough template to show; therefore it is the same speed but starts later and only works in segments.

41
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

the segments of the lagging strand, separated by gaps left by primers

42
Q

Proofreading

A

check for base pairing errors as polymerase places them, removes wrong ones and continues

43
Q

mismatch repair

A

when polymerase doesn’t catch the error, other enzymes will remove and replace an incorrect pairing

44
Q

Why might uncorrected “typos” actually be beneficial?

A

Mutations cause variation that have the potential to makes organisms better fit to live

45
Q

What are telomeres or telomerase necessary

A

The gap from the primer at the 5’ end of the DNA cannot be filled in by DNA polymerase because there is nowhere to start insertion. The cell will chop off the single strand left over.

46
Q

telomeres

A

buffer nucleotide sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that postpone erosion.

47
Q

telomerase

A

enzymes that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres, have built-in primers to fill in the gap

48
Q

chromosome packing

A

chromosome condenses with protein to fit in the nucleus

49
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and protein

50
Q

histone

A

positive protein that binds tightly to the negative DNA

51
Q

nucleosome

A

basic unit of DNA packing, DNA wound twice around a protein core, unfolded, like beads on a string

52
Q

Process of packing

A 
DNA
Histones
Nucleosomes
30 nm fiber
Looped domains
Metaphase chromosome
53
Q

Heterochromatin

A

condensed during interphase

54
Q

Euchromatin

A

more dispersed during interphase

AP Bio (16 decks)

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