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AP Bio > Ch 12 > Flashcards

Ch 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell division

A

reproduction of cells

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2
Q

cell cycle

A

life of a cell from formation to division

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3
Q

What is the term for the cells resulting from cell division?

A

daughter cells

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4
Q

genome

A

a cell’s endowment of DNA; all of the genes

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5
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A

multiple strands of long, linear molecules

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6
Q

How is DNA packaged for cell division

A

coil into chromosomes

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7
Q

Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of:

A

one long, linear DNA molecule and many proteins

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins

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9
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells except reproductive cells

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10
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells

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11
Q

Number of chromosomes in humans

A

46

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12
Q

sister chromatids

A

joined copies of the original chromosome

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13
Q

centromere

A

where chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

the division of genetic material in the nucleus, results in 2 identical cells

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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16
Q

What type of proteins are in chromosomes?

A

histone proteins

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17
Q

Why is genetic material organized into chromosomes?

A

to ensure the equal distribution of DNA in cell division

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18
Q

Meiosis converts from _____ to ______.

A

diploid to haploid

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19
Q

Fertilization converts from _____ to ______.

A

haploid to diploid

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20
Q

Diploid

A

2n = 46

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21
Q

Haploid

A

n = 23

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22
Q

telomere

A

cap at each end of chromosome, protects

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23
Q

What would happen if a cell underwent mitosis but not cytokinesis

A

it would have two nuclei

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24
Q

Centromere separates the chromosome into two…

A

arms

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25
Q

The shorter arm of the chromosome is…

A

p-arm

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26
Q

The longer arm of the chromosome is…

A

q-arm

27
Q

What makes up M phase?

A

mitotic phase: mitosis and cytokinesis

28
Q

Interphase

A

preparation for cell division

29
Q

order of phases

A

G1, S, G2, M

30
Q

G1

A

first gap, growth and differentiation

31
Q

S

A

synthesis, DNA replication

32
Q

G2

A

second gap, more growth and completes preparation for division

33
Q

Shortest phase of cell cycle

A

M phase

34
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

35
Q

Significance of G0

A

cell never leaves the G1 growth stage, non dividing state

36
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule center in animals cells to form mitotic spindle

37
Q

Where does the chromosome attach to the mitotic spindle

A

centromere/ kinetochores

38
Q

Where do chromosomes line up in metaphase?

A

metaphase plate (imaginary)

39
Q

Cytokinesis in animals

A

cleavage, causes cleavage furrow, pinching in two

40
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

cell plate where cell wall materials collect

41
Q

order of chromosomes in relation to size

A

1-22, largest to smallest plus big x and small y

42
Q

centromere in center

A

metacentric

43
Q

centromere a little off center

A

submetacentric

44
Q

centromere more towards one end

A

acrocentric

45
Q

centromere on end

A

telocentric

46
Q

cancer and types

A

uncontrolled cell division

benign: doesn’t spread
malignant: spreads through cardiovascular or lymphatic systems

47
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission: cell grows to double its size then divides

48
Q

How is the genetic material in bacteria organized?

A

singular circular DNA molecule with associated proteins

49
Q

origin of replication

A

place on bacterial chromosome where replication starts

50
Q

What is the cyclically operating set of molecules that coordinates key events in the cell cycle?

A

cell cycle control system

51
Q

checkpoint

A

control point where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle

52
Q

major checkpoints

A

after the G1, G2, and M phases

53
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

restriction point, most important, sends cell to rest of cycle or remains in G0

54
Q

types of regulatory molecules

A

protein kinases and cyclins

55
Q

protein kinases

A

enzymes that phosphorylate: put phosphate groups on things

56
Q

Cdks

A

cyclin dependent kinases, kinase myst be attached to a cyclin to be active

57
Q

Cyclin concentration

A

cyclically fluctuating, peaks during S and G2

58
Q

How is the cell regulated by cyclins and CDKs?

A

activity of CDK rises with cyclin concentration, kinases ad MPF cause phosphorylation that contributes to molecular events, like fragmentation of nuclear envelope or initiation of mitosis.

59
Q

growth factor

A

protein released to stimulate other cells to divide

60
Q

density dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop dividing

61
Q

anchorage dependent inhibition

A

must be attached to a substratum/surface to divide

62
Q

Why is inhibition important?

A

checks growth of cells at optimal density and location

63
Q

transformation

A

process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell

64
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells to locations distant from original site.

AP Bio (16 decks)

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