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AP Bio > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

The beginning of the metabolic pathway

A

starting molecule or precursor

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3
Q

The end of the metabolic pathway

A

product

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4
Q

The middle steps of the metabolic pathway

A

intermediates

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5
Q

What if the enzyme that catalyzed the reaction that turned C into D was shut off?

A

buildup of C

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6
Q

Types of metabolic pathways

A

catabolic and anabolic

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7
Q

catabolic pathway

A

release energy by breaking down molecules

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8
Q

anabolic pathway

A

consume energy to build molecules

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9
Q

Define energy

A

the capacity to cause change

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10
Q

bioenergetics

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

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11
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with the relative motion of objects

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12
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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13
Q

heat energy

A

aka thermal, kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms

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14
Q

light energy

A

powers photosynthesis

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15
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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16
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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17
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Principle of Conservation of Energy: energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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18
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

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19
Q

Entropy

A

measure of disorder or randomness

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20
Q

spontaneous process

A

process that can occur without an input of energy, increases the entropy of the universe

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21
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

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22
Q

Symbol for Gibbs free energy

A

G

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23
Q

Change in free energy equation (symbols)

A

Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S

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24
Q

Change in free energy equation (words)

A

change in free energy is equal to change in enthalpy minus temperature times change in entropy

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25
Q

enthalpy

A

total energy

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26
Q

In the delta G equation, temperature is measured in:

A

Kelvins

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27
Q

A spontaneous reaction has a _______ delta G

A

negative

28
Q

exergonic reaction

A

net release of free energy, spontaneous, downhill

29
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs free energy, uphill

30
Q

Exergonic reactions are more likely to occur because

A

they are spontaneous so don’t require energy

31
Q

delta G at equilibrium

A

zero

32
Q

What happens when a system reaches equilibrium?

A

no work can be done, cell would be dead

33
Q

List types of work done by living cells

A

chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work

34
Q

Chemical work

A

push of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously

35
Q

transport work

A

pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous movement

36
Q

mechanical work

A

beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction

37
Q

energy coupling

A

downhill reactions can drive uphill reactions, one way cells manage energy resources

38
Q

Delta G in STP and cellular conditions. Why are they so different?

A

Standard: -7.3 kcal/mol
Cell: -13 kcal/mol (78% greater)
So different because cells have greater reactant and product concentrations than 1 M

39
Q

How do phosphorylated intermediates power otherwise impossible reactions?

A

A phosphorylated intermediate is formed when the phosphate group from an ATP transfers to another molecule like the reactant. The reaction that releases the energy is coupled with an endergonic reaction so that overall they are exergonic.

40
Q

enzymer

A

macromolecule that acts as a catlyst

41
Q

catalysts

A

chemical agents that speed up a reaction without being consumed

42
Q

Every chemical reaction involves what two processes?

A

bond breaking and forming

43
Q

What is activation energy (EA)?

A

the initial investment of energy required to start a reaction

44
Q

What is activation energy also called and why?

A

Energy barrier because it is a hill that the reaction must get over

45
Q

Heat or thermal energy is often sufficient to overcome activation energy of many reactions, but what makes heat inappropriate as a “catalyst” in living cells?

A

could denature the proteins/enzymes

46
Q

What do enzymes do and what don’t enzymes do?

A

DO lower the activation energy barrier

DON’T change delta G

47
Q

What are reactants called in enzymatic reactions?

A

substrates

48
Q

Glucose and fructose have the same empirical formula but are very different compounds; these are called:

A

isomers

49
Q

An enzyme binds to a substrate to form:

A

an enzyme-substrate complex

50
Q

Where on the enzyme does the reaction take place?

A

active site

51
Q

Describe enzyme interaction with substrate

A

induced fit: enzyme shapes itself to fit substrate, like a hand in glove rather than a lock and key

52
Q

Mechanisms by which enzymes cause reactions to take place

A
  1. template for substrate orientation
  2. stretching and stressing substrates and stabilizing transition state
  3. provide favorable microenvironment
  4. direct participation in reaction
53
Q

environmental conditions that affect enzyme activity

A

temperature (37C) and pH (7.4)

54
Q

If environmental conditions reach extreme levels, then the enzymes could:

A

denature

55
Q

cofactors

A

nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity (better orient substrates)

56
Q

cofactor examples

A

metal ions: zinc, copper, iron, magnesium

57
Q

coenzymes

A

organic molecules cofactors

58
Q

coenzyme examples

A

vitamins

59
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

block substrate from entering active site

60
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to an allosteric site which changes the enzymes shape and makes it less effective

61
Q

How can competitive inhibition be counteracted?

A

increasing substrate concentration

62
Q

allosteric regulation

A

protein’s function at one site is affected (inhibited or stimulated) by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site

63
Q

How are allosteric regulation and noncompetitive inhibitors related?

A

both bind to an allosteric site to affect function
AR: stabilizes inactive form
NI: changes shape

64
Q

feedback inhibition

A

metabolic pathway shut off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts earlier in the pathway

65
Q

Compartmentalization for pathways

A

multi enzyme complex facilitates a sequence of reaction. often encased in a membrane to ensure that reactions don’t affect each other

66
Q

What gives ATP its energy?

A

phosphate groups because the negative electrons are close together

67
Q

ATP is a:

A

RNA molecule

AP Bio (16 decks)

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