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AP Bio > Ch 17 > Flashcards

Ch 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does DNA lead to specific traits?

A

It dictates the synthesis of proteins

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2
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or RNAs

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3
Q

stages of gene expression

A

transcription and translation

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4
Q

The hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum

A

one gene, one enzyme: The function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

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5
Q

Describe Beadle and Tatum’s experiment

A

They bombarded a bread mold with x-rays to create mutants, and then they tested supplements to find what each mutant needed, which identified the defective pathway and step.

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6
Q

Srb and Horowitz

A

They distinguished three types of arginine-requiring mutants, each mutated at a different gene; each lacked a different enzyme to catalyze a different blocked step.

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7
Q

define RNA

A

the nucleic acid that is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis

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8
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • uracil instead of thymine
  • single strand
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9
Q

define transciption

A

synthesis of mRNA using information in the DNA

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10
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in the nucleus

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11
Q

define translation

A

synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

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12
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

in cytoplasm (at the ribosomes)

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13
Q

ribosomes

A

complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

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14
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, carries a coded genetic instructions from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell

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15
Q

primary transcript

A

initial RNA transcript from any gene which requires further processing

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16
Q

other name for primary transcript

A

pre-mRNA

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17
Q

central dogma

A

directional flow of genetic info

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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18
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?

A

Prokaryotes lack the compartmentalization of the nucleus. Translation begins while transcription is still ongoing.

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19
Q

nucleotide bases code for ## amino acids.

A

4, 20

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20
Q

reading frame

A

the groupings of three that the code is read in

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21
Q

triplet code

A

genetic info written as a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words

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22
Q

template strand

A

the DNA strand that is transcribed

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23
Q

The ____ strand is transcribed every time for a specific gene

A

same

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24
Q

codons

A

mRNA nucleotide triplets

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25
Q

The mRNA strand forms…

A

antiparallel in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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26
Q

start codon

A

AUG, methionine

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27
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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28
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

pries DNA strands apart and joins together complementary RNA nucleotides

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29
Q

RNA polymerase does not need:

A

a primer

30
Q

There are three stages to both transcription and translation. What are they?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
31
Q

define transcription unit

A

the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

32
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

33
Q

TATA box

A

DNA sequence containing TATA where transcription initiation complex binds and forms

34
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

group of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter.

35
Q

Why the TATA box?

A

Only 2 hydrogen bonds join A and T, so it is easy to break the strands apart

36
Q

start point

A

nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins

37
Q

terminator

A

signals end

38
Q

RNA processing

A

enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before it is sent to the cytoplasm

39
Q

other name for RNA processing

A

post-transcriptional modification

40
Q

Through RNA processing, the _____ _____ becomes the _____ ______.

A

primary transcript -> mature transcript

41
Q

Parts of RNA processing

A

alteration of ends

RNA splicing

42
Q

5’ cap

A

modified form of G added to 5’ end

43
Q

poly-A tail

A

50 to 250 As added to 3’ end

44
Q

RNA splicing

A

cut out large portions of the primary transcript and splice together the remaining parts

45
Q

introns

A

intervening noncoding segments

46
Q

exons

A

expressed segments, coding regions

47
Q

spliceosome

A

assembly of snRNPs and proteins that does the splicing

48
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA that functions as enzymes

49
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

a gene can give rise to more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons

50
Q

Alternative splicing and evolution

A

Might result in beneficial proteins with new structure and/or function

51
Q

tRNA

A

translator of mRNA to build a polypeptide by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing polypeptide in the ribosome

52
Q

anticodon

A

nucleotide triplet on the end of tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon

53
Q

What holds together the polypeptide chain?

A

peptide bonds

54
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

enzymes that correctly match up tRNA and amino acid

55
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

as enzymes or structural proteins

56
Q

UTR

A

untranslated region

57
Q

open reading frame

A

part of the strand that becomes a polypeptide

58
Q

mutation

A

change to genetic info

59
Q

point mutations

A

change in single nucleotide pair

60
Q

nucleotide-pair substitution

A

replacement of one pair with another pair

61
Q

silent mutation

A

no observable effect on phenotype

62
Q

missense mutation

A

substitutions that change one amino acid to another

63
Q

repressor protein

A

doorstop that prevents RNA polymerase from moving along strand

64
Q

Repressor proteins disengage when… and reengage when…

A

a specific substance binds to it, the substance is no longer present

65
Q

repressible system

A

gene is always on and a repressor protein can’t bind until the substance is present

66
Q

sense strand

A

same sequence as mRNA, coding strand

67
Q

antisense strand

A

template strand

68
Q

nonsense mutation

A

changes a codon into a stop codon, premature termination

69
Q

insertion

A

addition of nucleotide

70
Q

deletion

A

removal of nucleotide

71
Q

frameshift mutation

A

triplet groupings change due to insertion or deletion

72
Q

mutagen

A

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

AP Bio (16 decks)

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