Ch 27

Question 1

Shape of a prokaryote

Answer 1

unicellular, smaller.

either spherical, rod, or spiral

Question 2

Cell wall function

Answer 2

maintains shape, protects cell, prevents bursting

Question 3

What do bacteria cell walls contain?

Answer 3

peptidoglycan

Question 4

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 4

modified sugars linked by short polypeptides

Question 5

What do archaea cell walls contain?

Answer 5

polysaccharides and proteins

Question 6

Gram stain

Answer 6

technique that stains cell wall to classify bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative

Question 7

Gram-positive

Answer 7

simpler wall with large amount of peptidoglycan

Question 8

Gram-negative

Answer 8

more complex wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane and less peptidoglycan

Question 9

Which type of bacterial cell wall offers a more robust and tough protections?

Answer 9

Gram-negative

Question 10

Capsule structure

Answer 10

sticky layer of polysaccharides or proteins around cell wall

Question 11

Slime layer

Answer 11

a less well-defined capsule

Question 12

What is the function of a capsule?

Answer 12

enables prokaryotes to stick to others or stick to substrates

Question 13

fimbriae

Answer 13

hairlike appendages to stick to substrates

Question 14

Fimbriae are ______ and more _______ than pili, which are appendages that ____ 2 cells together before ___ ________.

Answer 14

shorter, numerous, pull, DNA transfer

Question 15

Taxis

Answer 15

directed movement toward or away from a stimulus

Question 16

About ____ of prokaryotes taxi

Answer 16

half

Question 17

Flagella

Answer 17

whip-like structure for movement

Question 18

structure of flagella

Answer 18

motor, hook, and filament

Question 19

DNA in prokaryotic cells

Answer 19

have considerably less

Question 20

Prokaryotic chromosomes are:

Answer 20

smaller (10^6 base pairs) and circular, fewer proteins, one main chromosome per cell

Question 21

DNA is located in the:

Answer 21

nucleoid

Question 22

Ribosomes in prokaryotes

Answer 22

Ribosomes are slightly smaller and differ in protein and RNA content

Question 23

Plasmids

Answer 23

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA

Question 24

phototrophs

Answer 24

obtain energy from light

Question 25

chemotrophs

Answer 25

obtain energy from chemicals

Question 26

autotrophs

Answer 26

need only CO2 as carbon source

Question 27

heterotroph

Answer 27

need at least one organic nutrient

Question 28

obligate aerobes

Answer 28

must use O2 for cellular respiration

Question 29

obligate anaerobes

Answer 29

poisoned by O2 so must use other substances for anaerobic respiration or fermentation

Question 30

facultative anaerobes

Answer 30

use O2 if present but can carry out fermentation of anaerobic respiration

Question 31

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 31

convert atmospheric N2 to ammonia NH3

Question 32

metabolic cooperation

Answer 32

allows prokaryotes to use resources they couldn’t use as individuals

Question 33

heterocysts

Answer 33

few specialized cells for nitrogen fixation in filamentous chain

Question 34

biofilm

Answer 34

surface-coating colonies where cooperation occurs

Question 35

Main job of bacteria

Answer 35

decompose: limited amount of material on Earth so gotta recycle

Question 36

Mutualistic bacteria are found in the:

Answer 36

intestine

Question 37

exotoxins

Answer 37

secreted by pathogenic bacteria

Question 38

endotoxins

Answer 38

released when bacteria die and walls break down

Question 39

bioremediation

Answer 39

use of organisms to remove pollutants