Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Ch 9 + 10 > Flashcards

Ch 9 + 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the point of cellular respiration?

A

to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

aerobic respiration

A

consumes oxygen with organic fuel to harvest chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

uses substances other than oxygen to harvest chemical energy (all same until end of ETC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Redox reactions

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

electron transfers from one reactant to another, which releases energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

reduction

A

addition of electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which substance is oxidized and which is reduced in respiration?

A

glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What particle really represents the energy content of respiration?

A

electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electrons are ______ from _______

A

stripped from glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Calculate energy efficiency

A

Glucose: -686 kilocalories/mole
ATP: -7.3 kilocalories/mole
Mr. Beer: net 36, 38% efficient
Book: net 32, 34% efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 stages of respiration and where they occur

A
  1. Glycolysis: cytosol
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation and Krebs Cycle: matrix of mitochondria
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of NADH and FADH

A

carry electrons like a wheelbarrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glycolysis stages

A

energy investment and energy payoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glycolysis: beginning and end, ATP, NADH and FADH

A

glucose to 2 pyruvates
net 2 ATP (2 used, 4 formed)
net 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs Cycle: beginning, middle, and end, ATP, NADH and FADH

A

pyruvate to acetyl CoA to CO2
1 ATP per turn (2 total before ox phos)
3 NADH, 1 FADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation stages

A

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: beginning and end, ATP

A

NADH and FADH2 to H20 and ATP

26-28 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which two chemical mechanisms are responsible for generating ATP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate to ADP

23
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy released by redox reactions of ETC powers ATP synthesis

24
Q

Cytochromes

A

electron carriers in ETC made up of protein and heme group. Breaks free energy drop into manageable steps, increasing electronegativity.

25
Q

chemiosmosis

A

energy coupling mechanism: energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work like ATP synthesis

26
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme, molecular rotary motor, uses existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis

27
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: big picture

A

ETC uses exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions into intermembrane space and then they diffuse down gradient through the synthase to power synthesis

28
Q

proton motive force

A

the hydrogen ion gradient used to synthesize ADP and Pi

29
Q

fermentation

A

continuous generation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation of glycolysis

30
Q

conditions for fermentation

A

oxygen is not present

must have sufficient supply of NAD+

31
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate to acetaldehyde, reduced to ethanol, and CO2

ex: yeast

32
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate reduced to lactate

ex: muscle cells during strenuous exercise

33
Q

control of respiration

A

step 3 of glycolysis: phosphofructokinase
feedback inhibition by ATP and citrate
stimulation by AMP

34
Q

photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in organic molecules

35
Q

Photosynthesis is a/an __________ process.

A

anabolic

36
Q

What are the two processes of photosynthesis

A

light (dependent) reactions and the Calvin Cycle (dark/ light independent reactions)

37
Q

light reactions beginning and end

A

solar energy to chemical energy and production of ATP and NADPH

38
Q

Calvin Cycle beginning and end

A

chemical energy to organic molecule G3P to make others like glucose

39
Q

Which substance is reduced and which is oxidized in photosynthesis?

A

CO2 is reduced and H20 is oxidized

40
Q

What makes photosynthesis different from respiration in terms of electrons?

A

electrons are given by H20 rather than C6H12O6 and carried by NADPH rather than NADH

41
Q

why does chlorophyll appear green?

A

only reflects green light, absorbs and uses rest

42
Q

What does light do to electrons? What substance provides these electrons in ps?

A

split H20 is the source

light drives transfer of electrons to acceptor NADP+ for reduction

43
Q

What prevents excited electrons from falling back to ground state?

A

continuous absorption of photons (provide energy required to move to excited state

44
Q

What part of the z-scheme is similar to respiration?

A

electron transport chains

45
Q

How does cyclic electron flow occur?

A

uses only photosystem 1
electrons cycle back to cytochrome complex
generates ATP
no production of NADPH or oxygen

46
Q

What enzyme in the Calvin Cycle acquires carbon (CO2)?

A

RUBP carboxylase/ rubisco

47
Q

(initial) products of Calvin Cycle

A

G3P: 3-phosphoglycerate

48
Q

Three phases of dark reactions

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction (G3P)
  3. regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RUBP)
49
Q

fixation

A

combine with another substance to make usable

50
Q

Other than G3P, the Calvin Cycle also produces:

A

ADP and NADP+ + Pi

51
Q

wasteful and slow process

A

photorespiration: fixation of oxygen

does not produce sugar or ATP

52
Q

C4 plant pathway

A

O2 rich mesophyll cells export four-carbon compound to O2 poor bundle-sheath cells for Calvin Cycle

53
Q

CAM plants

A

light reactions in day, dark reactions esp with carbon at night

AP Bio (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions