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AP Bio > Ch 4 + 5 > Flashcards

Ch 4 + 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbon: how many bonds, what type

A

4 covalent bonds

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2
Q

What elements other than carbon are commonly found in organic compounds?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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3
Q

What is a different arrangement called?

A

isomer

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4
Q

What are functional groups?

A

chemical groups that affect molecular function, give a molecule its personality

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5
Q

What is a monomer?

A

molecular building blocks of macromolecules

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6
Q

Dehydration

A

synthesizes polymers by taking away a water molecule

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaks down polymers by adding a water molecule

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8
Q

monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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9
Q

general molecular formula of carbohydrates

A

CH20 (often multiples)

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10
Q

What bond joins monosaccharides into polymers?

A

glycosidic linkage

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11
Q

Major functions of carbohydrates

A

energy, storage, structure

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12
Q

important monomer

A

glucose

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13
Q

important dimer

A

sucrose

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14
Q

important polymer

A

starch

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15
Q

What is chitin and what makes it different?

A

Chitin builds exoskeletons. It is unlike other carbohydrates because it has nitrogen.

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16
Q

the biologically important types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids/sterols

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17
Q

Why are neutral fats called triglycerides? What bond holds them?

A

3 fatty acids, and one glycerol molecule with three carbons held together by ester linkages

18
Q

Saturated vs. unsaturated

A

saturated has the most possible hydrogen atoms, unsaturated has at least one double bond

19
Q

Saturated fats are more ______ and are ___ at room temp

A

flexible, solid

20
Q

general formula for lipids

A

CH(O)

21
Q

Major function of fats

A

energy storage

22
Q

major difference between fats and phospholipids chemically

A

phospholipid has a phosphate group in place of one of the fatty acids

23
Q

purpose of phosphate group in phospholipids

A

the phosphate group is hydrophilic, so phospholipids self-assemble into a bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

24
Q

Steroids

A

carbon skeleton of four fused rings with a chemical group, has cholesterol and can be used in animal cell membranes as well as estrogen, testosterone

25
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

26
Q

how many amino acids?

A

20

27
Q

polymer of proteins

A

polypeptides

28
Q

what is a protein? (vs. polypeptide)

A

biologically functional molecule with at least one polypeptide

29
Q

functions of proteins

A

enzymatic, defensive, transport, hormonal, receptor

30
Q

what categories are amino acids sorted into and how is it determined?

A

Determined by r-group: non polar, polar, acidic, basic

31
Q

How are amino acids joined together?

A

peptide bonds (dehydration)

32
Q

What do the ends of an amino acid chain look like?

A

n-terminus and c-terminus

33
Q

what must happen to a polypeptide in order for it to be considered a protein?

A

it must be twisted and folded into a unique 3D molecule

34
Q

4 stages of protein structure

A
  1. Primary: amino acid sequence
  2. Secondary: coils and folds as a result of hydrogen bonds
  3. Tertiary: overall shape as a result of r-groups interactions
  4. Quaternary: combined structure of multiple polypeptides
35
Q

most crucial aspect of protein to make it functional

A

shape

36
Q

two types of nucleic acids and functions

A

DNA: info storage
RNA: info transport

37
Q

Purines

A

double hexagon, adenine and guanine

38
Q

Pyrimidine

A

single hexagon, cytosine and thymine

39
Q

chaperonins

A

separate polypeptide from obstruction while folding

40
Q

monomer of nucleic acids and what does it consist of

A

nucleotide (composed of nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, at least one phosphate group)

41
Q

what part of the nucleic acid stores info?

A

nitrogenous base (ATCG, U in place of T in RNA

AP Bio (16 decks)

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