Communicable Disease, Prevention and Immunity - Transmission of Pathogens Flashcards
how are pathogens transmitted between animals
- direct contact
- innoculation
- droplet infection
- ingestion
- formites
- vectors
how can a disease be spread by innoculation
- through a break in the skin
- from an animal bite
- through a puncture wound or sharing needles
how can a disease be spread by droplet infection
minute droplets of saliva or mucus from mouth or nose can contain pathogens
when healthy individuals breathe droplets in they become infected
how can a disease be spread by ingestion
taking in contaminated food or drink, or transferring pathogens from hands to mouth
what are formites
inanimate objects such as bedding, socks or cosmetics that can transfer pathogens
what are vectors
transmit communicable pathogens from one host to another
how can the spread of disease from animals to humans be reduced
- minimise close contact with animals
- wash hands thoroughly following contact
what factors affect transmission in animals
- climate change (new vectors/diseases)
- overcrowding
- weakened immune system
- poor disposal of waste
- socioeconomics
- poor nutrition
- culture and infrastructure
how are pathogens transmitted between plants
- direct contact
- soil contamination
- wind
- water
- vector: animal
- vector: human
how can plant disease be spread by direct contact
any direct contact of a healthy plant with any part of a diseased plant
how can plant disease be spread by soil contamination
infected plants often leave pathogens or reproductive spores in the soil, that can infect the next crop
how can plant disease be spread by wind
bacteria, viruses and fungal spores can be carried on the wind
how can plant disease be spread by water
spores swim in the surface film of water and leaves
raindrop splashes carry pathogens and spores
how can plant disease be spread by animal vectors
insects and birds carry pathogens and spores from one plant to another as they feed
give an example of an animal vector for plant disease
aphids - innoculate pathogens directly into plant tissues
how can plant disease be spread by human vectors
pathogens and spores are transmitted by hands, clothing, formites, farming practices etc
what factors affect the transmission of disease in plants
- overcrowding
- poor mineral nutrition
- climate change
- damp/warm conditions
- disease susceptibility of species
How can a disease be spread by direct contact
Contact between an infected animal/plant and a healthy animal/plant
