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biology > Cell structure - Organelles > Flashcards

Cell structure - Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A

nucleoplasm contains chromatin (DNA + protein)
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus
outer membrane is continuous with rough ER

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2
Q

describe the function of the nucleoplasm

A

contains DNA that codes for proteins
during cell division chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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3
Q

describe the function of the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that encloses DNA and keeps it separate from reactions in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

describe the function of the nuclear pores

A

allow entry of molecules for DNA replication
exit of mRNA for protein synthesis

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5
Q

describe the function of the nucleolus

A

manufactures ribosomes

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6
Q

why is the outer membrane being continuous with the rough ER useful

A

allows easy transport of substances

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7
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

cisternae: membrane bound sacs
rough ER: covered with ribosomes
smooth ER: lacks ribosomes

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8
Q

describe the function of the cisternae in ER

A

allow transport within the cell

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9
Q

describe the function of the rough ER

A

synthesise and transport proteins

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10
Q

describe the function of the smooth ER

A

synthesis and transport lipids and steroids

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11
Q

describe the structure of the ribosomes

A

2 subunits made of rRNA and protein

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12
Q

where are ribosomes synthesised

A

synthesised in nucleolus and then pass through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm or rough ER

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13
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes

A

22nm/80S(eukaryotic cells)
18nm/70S (prokaryotic cells, chloroplasts, mitochondria)

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14
Q

describe the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis
binds to and moves along the mRNA and translates it

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15
Q

describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

a stack of flattened membrane bound cavities called cisternae
secretory vesicles

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16
Q

describe the function of cisternae in Golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins (e.g adds carbohydrates)
packages proteins into vesicles or lysosomes

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17
Q

describe the function of the secretory vesicles

A

produced by Golgi apparatus, will fuse with the cell surface membrane to release hormones or enzymes from the cell

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18
Q

describe the structure of the lysosomes

A

vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes

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19
Q

describe the function of the lysosomes

A

isolate potentially harmful enzymes from the cell
break down material ingested by phagocytes
break down old organelles
break down cells when they die

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20
Q

describe the structure of the mitochondria

A

double membrane
inner membrane folded to form cristae
matrix contains: small ribosomes (18nm/70S), circular DNA, enzymes

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21
Q

where are large numbers of mitochondria found

A

cells requiring lots of energy e.g muscle and liver

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22
Q

describe the function of the double membrane in mitochondria

A

isolates reactions in aerobic respiration (ATP production)

23
Q

describe the function of the inner membrane folded to form cristae

A

increases surface area for enzymes to be attached

24
Q

describe the function of the small ribosomes in the matrix

A

protein synthesis

25
Q

describe the function of the circular DNA in the matrix

A

codes for proteins

26
Q

describe the function of the enzymes in the matrix

A

for aerobic respiration

27
Q

describe the structure of the chloroplasts

A

double membrane
membrane-bound sacs called thylakoids stacked into grana
stroma containing:
enzymes, starch grains, small ribosomes, DNA, lipid droplets

28
Q

describe the function of the double membrane in the chloroplast

A

isolates photosynthesis reactions

29
Q

describe the function of the thylakoids stacked into grana

A

increases surface area for chlorophyll molecules to be attached

30
Q

describe the function of the enzymes in the stroma

A

for photosynthetic reactions

31
Q

describe the function of the starch grains in the stroma

A

carbohydrate store

32
Q

describe the function of the small ribosomes in the stroma

A

proteins synthesis

33
Q

describe the function of the DNA in the stroma

A

codes for proteins

34
Q

describe the function of the lipid droplets in the stroma

A

for membranes

35
Q

give examples of cells containing chloroplasts

A

palisade, spongy cell, guard cell

36
Q

describe the structure

A

2 centrioles found in all animal cells at right angles to each other, adjacent to the nucleus
composed of 9 sets of 3 microtubules

37
Q

where are the centrioles found

A

algae, animal cells, fungi but NOT plants

38
Q

describe the function of centrioles

A

form the spindle fibres during nuclear division to control the separation of chromatids and chromosomes

39
Q

which organelle is not membrane bound

A

ribosome

40
Q

describe the structure of the cytoskeleton

A

composed of microtubules (fine hollow tubes), microfilaments (small solid protein strands), intermediate filaments (more stable protein strands)

41
Q

describe the function of the cytoskeleton

A

support cell organelles position
enable movement of organelles e.g vesicles and proteins, RNA (uses ATP)
strengthen cell and maintains shape
allows cell movement e.g phagocytes

42
Q

what are other structures containing microtubules

A

spindle fibres - separate chromosomes
cilia and flagella - movement

43
Q

describe the structure of the cilia and flagella

A

composed of two central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs
many short threadlike projections = cilia
long whip-like projection = flagellum (prokaryotes), undulipodium (eukaryotes e.g sperm)

44
Q

describe the function of microtubules in cilia and flagella

A

sliding of microtubules brings about movement. this uses ATP

45
Q

describe the function of the cilia

A

cilia in bronchi and trachea waft mucus towards throat
cilia in oviduct waft the ovum towards the uterus

46
Q

describe the function of the flagella and undulipodium

A

mainly used for movement

47
Q

describe the structure of the vacuole

A

cell sap contained within the tonoplast (vacuolar membrane)

48
Q

describe the function of the vacuole

A

maintains turgor for support
storage e.g dissolved sugars, mineral ions, pigments, enzymes, amino acids, waste substances (such as tannins)

49
Q

describe the structure of the cell wall

A

made of cellulose secreted by the living cell
rigid and permeable
can be modified by lignin
can contain pores which are penetrated by plasmodesmata
middle lamella (contains pectin)

50
Q

describe the vacuole in plants compared to animals

A

common, large and permanent in plant cells
absent or small and temporary in animal cells

51
Q

describe the function of the cell wall

A

support and protection
allows cells to become turgid which aids in support
prevents osmotic bursting of the cell

52
Q

describe the function of the pores in the cell wall

A

links neighbouring cells

53
Q

describe the function of the middle lamella

A

cements neighbouring cells together

biology (7 decks)

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