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biology > Biological molecules - Nucleotides and Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Biological molecules - Nucleotides and Nucleic acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are nucleic acids polymers

A

yes

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2
Q

what are the monomer units in nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

what are the subunits in nucleotides

A
  • phosphate group
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
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4
Q

how are the subunits in a nucleotide joined

A

by covalent bonds

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5
Q

how many nitrogenous bases are there for DNA

A

four

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6
Q

how are the nitrogenous bases for DNA grouped

A

two are purine (two rings) and two are pyrimidine (one ring)

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7
Q

what are the four bases in DNA and which are purine or pyrimidine

A

purine bases: adenine, guanine
pyrimidine bases: thymine, cytosine

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8
Q

how do the bases in DNA go together

A

A and T, C and G

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9
Q

what are phosphorylated nucleotides

A

contain more than one phosphate group

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10
Q

give two examples of phosphorylated nucleotides and explain their function

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
these molecules are the “energy currency” of cells. the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi releases energy

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11
Q

how is ATP made

A

respiration

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12
Q

describe the structure of ATP

A

three phosphates (attached to carbon 5 ), ribose, adenine

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13
Q

how many types of nucleic acids are there, and what are they

A

2
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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14
Q

what do nucleic acids do

A

they are molecules that hold the coded information required to build and organism and keep it running

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15
Q

is DNA a polymer

A

yes, the monomers are nucleotides

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16
Q

how is DNA formed

A

the nucleotides join up between the phosphate group on one nucleotide and the carbon 3 of the sugar of another via a condensation reaction. this forms a phosphodiester bond

17
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A
  • DNA consists of 2 polynucleotide strands
  • the strands are made of a sugar-phosphate backbone attached to nitrogenous bases
  • its shape is a twisted double helix
  • the strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel)
  • hydrogen bonds form between the bases - 2 bonds between A and T and 3 bonds between C and G
18
Q

how many bonds form between the bases

A

2 bonds between A and T and 3 bonds between C and G

19
Q

how do bases join

A

hydrogen bonds form between the bases on the two polynucleotides, this stabilises the structure

20
Q

why is it important for the DNA molecule to be stable

A

it needs to be replicated

21
Q

what are the rules for complementary base pairing

A

purine always paired with pyrimidine
A-T (2 hydrogen bonds)
C-G (3 hydrogen bonds)

22
Q

what is the sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

biology (20 decks)

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