Common Questions & Mistakes

Question 1

Why is it important to eat carbohydrates during prolonged exercise.

Answer 1

Carbohydrates replenish glycogen stores. Glycogen in the most efficient food fuel for the aerobic system due to its low oxygen cost, so when it is depleted energy is produced less effectively resulting in reduced output. It is also required for fat metabolism, so when it is depleted it can result in an athlete hitting the wall.

Question 2

State two physiological variables which can be measured in a laboratory that can distinguish the ability to sustain high running speeds over 10km (VCE 2009)

Answer 2

Vo2 max / Oxygen consumption Lactate inflection point / Lactate concentration Running economy

Question 3

Contrast how chemical pathways differ in the predominant energy system of a 100m sprinter and a 10km runner. (4 marks) (VCE 2012)

Answer 3

Do not get marks for mentioning predominant energy system (not asked). 100m: Fuel= PC, Depletes quickly (20 sec), simple chemical reactions 10km: Fuel= Glycogen/fat, complex reactions, slower rate of ATP synthesis

Question 4

Methods to reduce reactivity. (VCE 2009)

Answer 4

Do repeated measurements Conceal data Remove outliers

Question 5

Explain what occurs during oxygen deficit.

Answer 5

At the beginning on exercise oxygen supply does not meet oxygen demand because responses from the heart lungs take time to adjust to the increased demand As a result the body relies on the anaerobic energy systems.

Question 6

How is EPOC effected by increased intensity.

Answer 6

EPOC is influenced by periods of oxygen deficit and increased reliance on anaerobic energy systems. This creates a greater EPOC which takes longer to return to resting levels.

Question 7

What fibre type are you likely to see increased PC stores, ATP stores and glycogen stores. Justify (4 marks) (VCE 2012)

Answer 7

-Fast Twitch -All chronic adaptations mentioned occur due to anaerobic training -Fast twitch fibres produce high power and are easily fatiguable and are utilised during anaerobic efforts. -These adaptations increase fuel availability and allow for increased anaerobic ATP production.

Question 8

Why can’t a 400m runner not sustain the same pace as a 100m runner. Make reference to energy system interplay (3 marks) (VCE 2010)

Answer 8

-At the beginning of exercise all energy systems are turned on and contributing to ATP synthesis. -Both events are undertaken at maximal so the ATP-PC systems is predominant from 0-6, Anaerobic glycolysis 6-30, and Aerobic 30+ seconds. -A 400m race relies more on the anaerobic glycolysis system which produces harmful H+ ions and the aerobic system which has a low rate

Question 9

Benefits of including continuos training into a preseason training program for sports such as volleyball. (4 marks) (VCE 2010)

Answer 9

-Builds aerobic base for volleyballers as duration of match lasts extended period of time.-Required for removing metabolic byproducts (ADP, Pi, H+) which hinder performance.-Required to re synthesise PC stores -Improves health, increased ability to cope with training thus reducing risk of injury.

Question 10

How could a 100m athlete apply the principle of frequency to a resistance training session? (2 marks) (VCE 2010)

Answer 10

2 weeks for maintenance3-4 weeks for improvement With rest day or muscle cycling between sessions

Question 11

State why 1500m DIFFERS from events such as the 400m, javelin, discus, 100m and high jump. (1 mark) (VCE 2010)

Answer 11

It’s predominant energy system is aerobic glycolysis while the other rely on the anaerobic systems predominantly.

Question 12

Which graph illustrates the change in LIP post training. (1 mark)

Justify. (3 marks) (VCE 2012)

Answer 12

-Graph C-After aerobic training chronic adaptations occur from the muscular, cardiorespiratory and respiratory system such as increased mitochondrial volume and increased stroke volume.-This allows athletes to work at higher intensities without requiring the anaerobic glycolysis system which produces lactate.-Therefore lactate inflection point is reached later

Question 13

How does having a good aerobic system delay the type of fatigue in a 20m shuttle test. (3 marks) (VCE 2012)

Answer 13

• Fatigue during a 20m shuttle run is predominantly due to the accumulation of metabolic byproducts namely H+ ions. -Increased aerobic capacity decreases reliance on anaerobic systems and increases LIP. -This allows for an athlete to run at a higher intensity without the accumulation of H+ ions thus reducing fatigue.

Question 14

Explain why the differences in the graph may have occurred. (3 marks)

The graphs self-report results indicate more physical activity and less sedentary time. (VCE 2012)

Answer 14

-The graph shows that physical activity is greater when measured by a self report. -Social desirability bias occurs in subjective tests such as self reports which can lead to them over estimating their physical activity in order to give a “desired response”. - This can not occur in a objective measure such as an accelerometer as they collect data and are not subject to memory limitations and bias.

Question 15

Why would it be beneficial to train the anaerobic system in the both the 500m time trialist and the 3000m cycling pursuit.(3 marks)

Answer 15

-While the 500m sprint rely’s predominantly on anaerobic systems, the 3000m cyclist also relies on them at the beginning and end of a race where she may decide to sprint. -Training Anaerobic systems develops lactate tolerance. -This allows the athlete to use the anaerobic systems for longer and allows the cyclist to maintain higher intensities.

Question 16

State two methods she may use during training to improve her ability to perform this skill. (ACHPER 2009)

Answer 16

Flexibility Training

Plyometrics

Restistance training (power)

Question 17

Explain DOMS and why it may occur after training plyometrics. (ACHPER 2009)

Answer 17

DOMS is delayed onset muscle soreness which results in soreness following unaccustomed exercise at an unaccustomed intensity or eccentric contractions.

Plyometrics increases risk of DOMS because it utilises a rapid eccentic contraction which results in micro tears whch cause soreness.

Question 18

List three strategies which which a counseller or docter would use improve the mans physically activity (ASCHPER 2009)

Answer 18

As man is not motivated, strateies must be cognitive.

• Consequences to others
• Risks of inactivity
• Benefits of activity

Question 20

Explain Physiologically physiologically an active recovery facilitates a faster recoery compared to a passive cool down. (3 marks) (VCAA 2010)

Answer 20

– Active recovery maintains elevated heart rate and respiratory rate as well as activating the muscle pump which increases blood flow and oxygen uptake into the muscles.

• This allows H+ ions to be oxidised and for lactate to be reconverted into pyruvate and sent into the aerobic energy system.

Question 21

Name and describe a legal performace enhancing practice tat can be used to reduce EPOC.

What are two taining adaptaions and what are two disdvantages? (6 marks) (ENGAGE SS)

Answer 21

note;* Aerobic training reduces EPOC

• High altitude training can be used reduce EPOC (1)
• Invoves training at altitude 2000+ m where oxygen concentration is less(1)
• Stimulates EPO production thus increasing amount of red blood cells (1)
• ^ Heamoglobin or ^ Cappilarisation, (1)
• Disadvantages:

Reduces Vo2 max thus dcreasing working intensity and training gains

• Takes a long time to develop benefits from

Question 22

(VCAA 2007)

Answer 22

100-50

150-50

Lesson: Back your understanding of the question. Do not over complicate stuff

Question 23

Explain why fatigue will increase at intensities greater than LIP. (2 marks) (VCAA 2007)

Answer 23

Accumulation of metabolic byproducts caused by increased relience of anaerobic systems. Such as H+ ions which inhibit glycotic capacity.

Question 24

Lori (aged 85) has not been regularly active for more than 10 years; however, she has just started to become more active. Loris purchased a pedometer and has started to walk for ten minutes twice a week for the past 4 weeks. She intends to be more active in the upcoming weeks.

Give me an example of a physical activity measure that would not be an approriate choice to assess Lori’s physical activity behaviour? Justify. (1 + 2 marks) ( VCAA 2007)

Answer 24

Self report/recall

• Because she is 85 years old she may have cognitive or recall limitations which limit her capacity to acuuratley report her physical activity.

Question 25

On Friday 22 Febuary. Peter rowed an extra 32 metrs and his average heart rate decreased compared to the previous training sessions. What factor lead to this improvement. (1 mark) (VCAA 2007)

Answer 25

Rest day the day prior

Question 26

Match line A,B,C,D with…

• hockey midfielder
• person walking dog at brisk/moderate intesity (even pace)
• 1500m swimmer
• 200m sprinter
• person at rest

(4 marks) (VCAA 2007)

Answer 26

A = 200m sprint

B= Hockey midfielder

C = Brisk walker ( as 1500m would have anaerobic surge at the end of the race).

D = Person at rest

Question 27

What is the dominant system at ten seconds and why? (1+2 marks) (VCAA 2007)

Answer 27

Anaerobic Glycolysis

• Phosphocreatine is depleted
• Not enough oxygen for aerobic energy production

Question 28

Training Program

Duration: 30 Frequency: 4 per week Intensity: 85% max HR

The athlete improved his VO2 max over the course of the 3 month program. How could have this occured withoutout changing training prescription?

Answer 28

Built in overload

• Due to aerobic improvement submax heart rate decreases at any specific intensity.
• Therefore a trained athlete will have to run at a higher speed to maintain 85% of max HR.

Question 29

3 Factors which can slow the rate of replenishment of muscle glycogen stores. (3 marks) ( VCAA 2007)

Answer 29

Any 3 of;

• Delayed uptake of CHO post event (30+ min after)
• high-intensity active recovery
• Intake of just low Gi foods
• damage to the muscle
• inadequate protein with carbs
• damage to the muscle

Question 30

Explain how running economy will impact upon endurance athletes. (2 marks) (ACHPER 2014)

Answer 30

A good running economy results in more efficeint use of energy, therefore less oxygen is needed to maintain a submaximal intnesity.

Ths means athlete can maintain a higher intensity without acuumulating H+ ions.

Question 31

Criticically evaluate EPO and blood doping lead to improvement in VO2 Max. (4 marks)

Answer 31

• Epo is a hormone which stimulates red blood cell production (1) and blood doping involves transfusing more red blood cells into the body.(1)
• By increasing red blood cell volume, it enhances oxygen carying capacity and more oxygen is sent to the working muscles (1).
• This means more oxygen can taken up by the mitochondria in the working muslces for aerobic energy producation thus increasng maximum oxygen consumption. (1)

Question 32

The coach is concerned that the players chest passes are not foreful enough.

Describe one exercise that the coach could implement without equipment, to remedy this concern. Identify the major muscle group this will target. (1+1 marks) (ACHPER 2014)

Answer 32

Undertake Clap pushups which involves explosively completing a pushup and clapping hands inbetween push ups.

Target muscle; Pectoralis major

Question 33

The moring after her 1500m race, brooke completes a hydrotherapy session. Outline one example of hydrotherpay that Brooke could partake in he moring after her race, and how does it assist in recovery? (2 marks) (ACHPER 2014)

Answer 33

Pool or beach session;

Hydrostatic pressure, reduces muscle odema by constricting blood vessels.

Question 34

Hypoxic tents are a legal practise which produce similar physiological benefits as EPO.

DEscribe how an athlete may utilise a hypoxic tent as part of their preperation for an event.

(2 marks)

Answer 34

Hypoxic tents simulate altitude environments, with little oxygen. This tricks the body into producing more EPO and therefore more red blood cells.

This can be combined with quality training at sea level to increase VO2 max.

Question 35

Name two types of data that can be collecte as part of an activity analysis for a triathalon. How could the coach uses this data when designing a training program.

(2+4 marks) (VCAA 2011)

Answer 35

Heart Rate patterns & GPS (speed and acceleration) (2)

Used to design specific training program:

Muscle groups: Eg.) Poor cycling performace up hills may need improved power output in the quadricepts.

Skills: Poor swimming time may be due to poor sroke technique.

Fitness components: Aerobic capacity, local muscular endurance

Energy systems: Long duration continuos event indicates aerobic but anaerobic contribution may be required to run past opponents or sprint a the end.

Question 36

Outline the requirements of informed consent in relation to conducing a Vo2 max on a 19 year old triathlete and a year ten student. (2 marks) ( VCAA 2011)

Answer 36

Explanation of method of test, riskd and benefits for both year tens and the triathlete. Year ten student will require a signature from a parental gaurdian as they are under 18.

Question 37

Describe relationship between Cardiac Output and oxygen consumption and the roles of stroke volume and heart rate.

(3 marks) ( VCAA 2011)

Answer 37

There is a direct linear relathionship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption.

This is due to a greater volume of oxygen being pumed each beat (stroke volume) at a higher heart rate delivers more oxygen that is taken up by the muscles.

While stroke volume plataeus at submaximal intensities cardia output continues to increase due to heart rate beyond this point as Q=SV*HR

Question 38

Explain why it is important for Brett to be adequately hydrated prior to running a marathon?

(3 marks) (VCAA 2013)

Answer 38

If he is hydrated prior to his event he will not have to drink excessively in response to dehydration.

It will mean it is easier for the runner to maintain hydration throughout the course of the race.

This means he will avoid effects of dehydration such as impaired thermoregulatory ability, which leads to high core temperatures which an cause dizziness and excesive sweating which results in blood and oxygen being directed away from the working muscles and towards the skin.