Chapter 2 - Changing Physical Activity Behaviour & SEM

Question 0

What is self efficacy?

Answer 0

The confidence in ones ability to engage in healthy behaviour across a range of challenging situations.

Question 1

What is a mediator is terms of promotion of PA?

Answer 1

Mechanism through which an intervention is believe to influence activity behaviour.
-Cycling education (intervention) increases confidence on bike (mediator).

Question 2

Name three Individual level approaches.

Answer 2

Print and web based media
Counselling
Cognitive/ behavioural strategies

Question 3

Identify three population level approaches

Answer 3

Environmental change
Policy
Mass media

Question 4

When should a behavioural strategy be implemented?

Answer 4

When person is motivated to be active but finds it difficult for a range of reasons

Question 5

When should a cognitive strategy be implemented?

Answer 5

When a person is not motivated to undertake physical activity

Question 6

Strategies used in counselling.

Answer 6

Asses motivation readiness
Match motivational readiness with process of change
Identifying opportunities to be active
Contracting
Enlisting social support
Reminder system
Gradual programming
Tailoring

Question 7

Cognitive strategies to increase PA

Answer 7

Risk awareness
Benefit awareness
Consequences to others
Role models
Increase awareness of PA as a public health issue

Question 8

Behavioural strategies to increase PA

Answer 8

Enlist social support
Reward yourself
Write plans and goals
Reminding systems
Substitute alternatives

Question 9

What are the four levels of SEM?

Answer 9

Individual
Social environment
Physical environment
Policy

Question 10

Broad examples of strategies that target “individual” in SEM

Answer 10

Education programs - Skills, self efficacy ect.
Organise incentives
Counselling
Mass media

Question 11

Broad examples of strategies targeting “social environment” in the SEM.

Answer 11

Family support
Peer support
Role models
Work colleagues 
Social network

Question 12

Broad examples targeting the “Physical environment” in SEM.

Answer 12

Infrastructure - transport, safety, access, toilets
Sporting Facilities
Aesthetics
Signs
Consider natural environment

Question 13

Broad examples targeting “policy” in the SEM.

Answer 13

Change rules
Subsides
Resource funding
Change working day structure to include PA
Urban planning policies

Question 14

What are the 4 core principles of SEM

Answer 14

Multiple factors influence behaviour
ie.)More components os SEM targeted = more successful
Environments are multidimensional and complex
ie.) many factor influence use of facilities eg.) aesthetics, safety
Human interactions occur at various levels of organisation.
ie.) A intervention can be targets at various levels (school, home, work)
Interrelationship between people and environment are dynamic.
ie.) A new pool will increase swimmers thus PA

Question 15

Factors affecting individual level of SEM.

Answer 15

• knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, beliefs, perceived barriers, motivation, enjoyment
• skills (including fundamental motor skills and sports specific skills), abilities, disabilities or injuries
• age
• sex
• level of education
• socioeconomic status
• employment status
• self-efficacy.

Question 16

Factors affecting social environment in SEM.

Answer 16

• family, such as the influence of parental and sibling physical activity levels and family support
• spouse or partner
• peers
• institutions and organisations, such as schools, workplaces and community organisations
• access to social support networks versus social isolation
• influence of health and other professionals such as doctors, teachers and coaches
• community norms
• cultural background
• socioeconomic status of the community

Question 17

Factors affecting physical environment in SEM.

Answer 17

natural factors such as weather or geography
• availability and access to facilities such as parks, playgrounds, sporting grounds, gymnasiums, walking or cycling tracks
• aesthetics or perceived qualities of facilities or the natural environment
• safety such as crime rates or amount and speed of traffic
• community design such as connectivity of streets, living in a cul-de-sac, density of housing or land use
• public transport.

Question 18

Describe what the SEM is.

Answer 18

Is a framework used to critique and develop a programs designed to influence physical activity.
This multifaceted approach influence behaviour through 4 levels; Individual, Social environment, Physical environment and Policy.
If all four levels are targeted the program is likely to be successful.