Colorectal Cancer Flashcards
What are risk factors for colorectal cancer
Family history
Irritable bowel disease
Diet high in fat, calories, protein
What is the presenting manifestation of colorectal cancer
Bleeding and change in bowel habits
What are signs of colorectal cancer
Bleeding, change in bowel habits, pain, anorexia, weight loss, palpable abdominal or rectal mass, unexplained anemia in older population.
What are complications of colorectal cancer
Bowel obstruction
Perforation of bowel by tumor, peritonitis
Direct extension of cancer to adjacent organs; reoccurrences within 4 yrs.
What are sign are symptoms of bowel obstruction
Abdominal distention
Pain
Absent bowel sounds
What is treatment for bowel obstruction
NPO STATUS
NG tube to relieve bowels
What are the most important organs affected by shock
Brain
Heart
Kidneys
What are classic manifestations of right sided lesions
Dull abdominal pain
Dark tarry stools ( melena)
What are classic manifestations of left sided lesions
More associated with obstruction Cramping Narrowing of the stool ( ribbonlike) Constipation Bright red blood ( BRBPR)
What is screening for colorectal cancer
Digital exam beginning age 40 annually
FOBT at age 50 annually
Colonoscopies or sigmoidoscopy age 50 annually
What is dukes staging of cancer
ABCD
Describe the stages of dukes staging
A- no penetration thru bowel wall
B- penetration thru bowel wall, extends into mucousa
B2- tumor extends thru entire bowel wall, no lymph nodes involved
C- lymph node involvement tumor still limited to bowel wall
C2- positive lymph node involvement, extends thru entire bowel wall
D- metastasizes to liver,lungs, bone
What are facts about colorectal cancer
3rd most common cancer diagnosed
Affects sexes equally
5 yr survival rate is 90% with early diagnosis and treatment
What are foods to avoid in the prevention of colorectal cancer
Red meat
Animal fat, fried foods, processed foods, carbohydrates, horseradish, beets
What are foods to eat that aids in the prevention of colorectal cancer
Raw fruits and vegetables
Cruciferous foods such as cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, baked, poached foods
Tenesmus
Straining of rectal muscles
Who are more prone to rectal lesions
Men
What is important to know with FOBT
With fecal occult blood testing, avoid red meat, anti inflammatory meds, vitamin C for at least 48 hours because they can cause false positives
What is double contrast barium enema
Looks for polyps ( anything less than 1cm will not pick up)
How are tumors of the rectum treated
With abdominoperineal resection ( A-P resection) in which sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus are removed through abdominal and perineal incisions and a permanent colostomy created.
What is a sigmoid colostomy
Used with A-P resection formed on LLQ
Double barrel colostomy
2 stomas
Proximal for feces diversion
Distal is mucous fistula
Transverse loop colostomy
Emergency procedure
Loop suspended over a bridge
Temporary
What is primary treatment for colon cancer
Resection
Hartman procedure
Distal portion is left in place and oversewn, only proximal colostomy is brought to abdomen as stoma, temporary: colon reconnected at a later time when client is ready for surgical repair.
What are chemotherapy meds used In colorectal cancer
5fu ( fluorouracil) Folinic acid ( leucovorkin)
With all chemotherapy drugs what should you think
Bone marrow suppression
Pantocytopenia
What is the 3rd most common cancer diagnosed
Colorectal
Is colorectal cancer more common in men or woman
Affects sexes equally
What are risk factor of colorectal cancer
Family hx
Inflammatory B.D
diet high in fat, calories, protein
COLON CANCERS ARE PREVENTABLE
What is the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer
Most malignancies begin as adematous polyps and arise in rectum and sigmoid colon
Spreads by direct extension to involve entire bowel and adjacent organs.
Sigmoid colostomy
The feces are formed
Descending colostomy
Feces are semi formed
Transfers colostomy
Feces are fluid
