Cold War & Canada in Post War World SG-Ch5

Question 1

Marshall Plan

Answer 1

1947
Offered billions of dollars in aid to war-torn european economies to help them resist the advance of communism
Further developed policy of containment passed by the United States
Plan to send food, equipment, and raw materials to europe to help with rebuilding and avoiding communist takeover
Canada contributed $2 billion in 1948 to western europe

Question 2

Policy of Containment

Answer 2

Policy of containing or halting the spread of communism by providing economic aid and military support to people threatened by communism (stop it from advancing further)
Americans tried to win non-aligned countries over to their camp, while the Soviets attempted to do the same
American strategy: contain communism & prevent it from spreading to other countries

Question 3

“Nuclear Parity”

Answer 3

Aspect of space race (race for space technology)
Two alliances tried to maintain a balance of power to each have approximately the same level of nuclear armaments
Synonym for equality
Helped prevent two alliances from going to war

Question 4

Canadian involvement in the Korean War

Answer 4

Over 26,500 Canadians served in UN (UN was on South Korea defence)
1000 Canadians wounded and 400 killed
Showed that Canada supported the UN and was willing to fight to support those goals

Question 5

Client War

Answer 5

American involvement in Vietnam;US supported South Vietnam

Americans fought on behalf of their “Client” (South Vietnam)

Question 6

Pierre Trudeau

Answer 6

Leader of liberal party and prime minister of canada in 1968 (after pearson resigned) until 1978
Scholar and lawyer-had charisma
-had vision of “just society” (never explained meaning)
Implemented “official languages act” in 1969 to make canada a truly bilingual and bicultural country;believed it would help make Quebec feel like a part of canada
Implemented tax cuts and improved benefits for poor and elderly
Did not tolerate Indigenous Peoples but was open to other cultures

Question 7

When was oil discovered in Alberta? What was the impact of the discovery?

Answer 7

1947; Leduc oil field near Edmonton discovered by Imperial Oil (canadian petroleum company)
Before discovery, Alberta economy only focused on grain and cattle
Alberta became strongest provincial economy in Canada for decades for its “oil patch”

Question 8

Impact of urbanization on Canadians?

Answer 8

Commuting by car from houses in suburbs to work in cities became popular → rush-hour traffic
Market for new and used cars boomed → cars became bigger, expensive, and faster
Canadians bought 3.5 million cars in the 1950s
Dependence upon cars made huge boost in petroleum industry

Question 9

Key issues of social protest in the 1960s

Answer 9

Counterculture against “establishment”
Students challenged schools and university authorities
Protest arose for Indigenous and black North Americans
Teen culture developed-want to change outdated traditions
Young canadians promoted counterculture against “establishment”
People also against nuclear arms, american interference in canadian affairs, and vietnam war
Civil rights movement
Led by Martin Luther King and Malcolm X
Improved anti-racist legislation and improved civil rights for African Americans
Women’s Liberation Movement
Women sought changes in employment practices, life choices, and politics-demanded improved rights

Question 10

Gains made by women in the 1960s and 1970s

Answer 10

Women in the workforce rose from 18% in 1921 to 39% by 1971;entered careers mostly reserved for men
More liberal laws passed in 1960s regarding abortion, homosexuality, and divorce
Women used birth control pills and had more control of life choices
Discrimination against women becomes illegal
1976: federal government passed maternity leave bill
1977: federal bill saying women should receive equal pay for equal work
Government increase availability of daycare
1979: child tax credit implemented for families with low income

Question 11

St. Lawrence Seaway

Answer 11

Building it was the greatest achievement of 1950s
Linked great lakes to atlantic ocean-ocean going vessels can go from thunder bay canada to duluth united states
Cooperation between canada and united states
To canadians project meant that canadian products could move to world markets
Building seaway: bridges and canals built, rapids and islands blasted away and towns were moved;took 5 years
1959, opened by queen elizabeth and US president eisenhower

Question 12

OPEC crisis

Answer 12

1972 sudden increase in oil prices-demand was greater than the supply
OPEC raised oil price knowing people relied on gasoline and would be willing to pay the higher cost (even if the price was unreasonably high)
Price of barrel went from US$6 to US$16
1979-war between Iraq and Iran caused drop in oil supply-prices rose up to US$40
All petroleum products price rose and unemployment rose
Teachers, police, healthcare workers formed unions to demand higher wages;federal and provincial governments increased their debt

Question 13

National Energy Program

Answer 13

Implemented by Trudeau after OPEC crisis
Froze Alberta oil prices below world levels to keep cost of oil down for Canadians
Imposed tariff on oil sold to US to make up for oil imported from OPEC countries-made Albertans angry because they did not get fair market value for oil they sold
Strengthened feelings of Western isolation and led some people from the West to consider separating from Canada

Question 14

UN peacekeeping forces are intended for what purpose?

Answer 14

Ensure social and economic progress
Prevent new wars, encouraging cooperation among nations, defending human rights, helping to promote equality, and improve standard of living for all nations

Question 15

How was the city of Berlin divided?

Answer 15

In four zones (post war agreements)
berlin was in russian sector of germany
western nations only allowed access to west berlin through east germany only on specific highways, railways, and air corridors
after berlin airlift-berlin was separated into two governments

Question 16

NATO

Answer 16

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Formed in 1949 for mutual defence by military alliance of USA, Britain, Canada and other western european nations
Allies believed stronger and permanent military was needed to prevent soviet expansion
Each member state contributed to defence force-attack on one member=attack on all
Used tactical weapons (short range nuclear-shells and bombs);total nuclear war is last resort

Question 17

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 17

1962-serious confrontation between American and Soviet forces on island of Cuba
US spotted Soviet missiles in Cuba-advance warning of possible Soviet nuclear attack on US reduced from 30 minutes to few minutes
US set up naval blockade around Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from bringing more missiles-crisis intensified because Soviet ships kept coming and were protected by submarines
Soviet ships turned back due to American blockade
American President Kennedy and Soviet leader Khrushchev wrote letters to each other: Soviets promised to remove missiles if Americans promised to not invade Cuba
Nuclear war averted

Created tension between US and Canada
Diefenbaker backed away from accepting nuclear weapons from Americans and delayed putting aircraft on alert
Diefenbaker resented fact that Canadian government was not informed of American blockade until after crisis was almost over
Canada’s inaction caused anger and resentment among Americans

Question 18

Canada’s role as a middle power

Answer 18

International influence-represented interests of smaller nations
Canadians became more independent of American foreign policy by refusing to criticize communism in China and Cuba
Diefenbaker is reluctant to accept nuclear warheads from NATO’s Bomarc missiles in Canada’s far north.
Diefenbaker hesitated to back US during Cuban Missile Crisis
Pearson questioned American policy in Vietnam-refused to stop American draft dodgers from entering Canada
Canadians turned against American policy
Asserted its independence as a Middle Power, separate from United States

Question 19

Lyndon Johnson

Answer 19

American president from 1963-1969
Vice President under President Kennedy
Had vision of “great society”

Question 20

Counterculture movement

Answer 20

Promoted by young canadians/teens of 1960s
Teen culture did not trust anyone over age 30-wanted to change outdated traditions
Students challenged school and university authorities and protests arose for Indigenous and black North Americans
Went against “establishment”
Lots of leisure time and money to spend

Question 21

Suburbs

Answer 21

Large housing developments on outskirts of major cities

Quieter lifestyle desired by many who worked in cities

Question 22

Factors that led Canada to relax its immigration laws

Answer 22

Demand for immigrant labour was high in mid-1950s
Under leadership of Pierre Trudeau, Canada increased trade with Asian countries and allowed more Asian immigrants to enter Canada
Canada increased trade and political ties with Cuba and Mexico
Trudeau visited Soviet Union in 1971 to share northern development ideas
Involvement with Cuba and Soviet Union showed shift away from American foreign policy objectives
Canada accepted refugees fleeing communist regimes (after Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968)
Canada accepted South Vietnamese refugees (Boat People) fleeing the communist takeover of South Vietnam after 1975

Question 23

Lester Pearson

Answer 23

Became prime minister in 1963 until 1968
Awarded nobel peace prize in 1957 for his actions as minister of external affairs during the suez crisis 1956
Sought to improve French-English relations;appointed a royal commission on bilingualism and biculturalism
Introduced Canada Pension Plan and Medicare for all Canadians
Thought it was important to cut Canada’s symbolic tie with Britain by changing Canada’s flag-old flag included British Union Jack which he did not want
February 1965, a single maple leaf became Canada’s flag

Question 24

Canada’s views on the Vietnam war

Answer 24

Strong feelings and reactions-led to protests and helped shape the culture of 1960s and 1970s
Large protests against war and activism for peace
Lester Pearson gave speech asking US to “rethink their position” in Vietnam
Did not support American involvement in the foreign war
Welcomed American draft dodgers
Brought into Canadian living room through television coverage

Question 25

The Auto Pact

Answer 25

1965
Automotive products agreement
To create single north american market
Allowed Canada and US to import cars from other countries without paying import taxes
Led to increased specialization; it allowed companies to lower production costs and lowered the price of cars for consumers
Led to increasing american investment in Canadian economy
1960s-American businesses owned over 90% of Canadian petroleum and automobile industries

Question 26

What happens when a country “recognizes” another country? (eg. Canada recognizes Communist China)

Answer 26

Canada officially recognized the People’s Republic of China as the legal government of China in 1970
Canada acknowledged the Chinese Government before the United States-further highlighted Canada’s growing independence in international affairs
Many right wing Americans falsely accused Trudeau of being a communist
Recognizing a country add legitimacy to its government and policies
UN pressured by US, refused to recognize communist government, allowing former government (taiwan) to remain as one of the five permanent seats on the UN security council;created tension between competing superpowers
Canada recognized communist governments;US did not/refused
1971, under pressure from the world, Americans allowed Red China to replace Taiwan on Security council paving the way for China to become a dominant force in international relations

Question 27

an unsuccessful canadian technological advancement?

Answer 27

Avro Arrow
Requested in 1953 by royal canadian air force (RCAF) to meet growing need of defence in northern hemisphere-canadians concerned about possible soviet attack
Liberal government awarded the contract to company A.V. Roe Canada out of Ontario
600 planes cost $2 million per plane but later it was $4 million per plane
Canadians were excited for making their mark in the world in aircraft with their new technology
A.V. Roe put in 28 months of work to meet requirements of RCAF
Was fastest and most sophisticated fighter plane in the world
The day the avro arrow was unveiled, soviet union launched sputnik 1, world’s first satellite-caused doubt of AA
February 1959 Canadian government (Diefenbaker) decided all AA production would cease; the 6 completed planes and reports and blueprints were torched
Canadian government opted to buy Bomarc Missile from US instead-cheaper but canadian aerospace suffered; 14,000 Canadians lost their jobs and many moved to work in US (NASA)

Question 28

in what areas did the federal government NOT pass more liberal laws?

Answer 28

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