Cohesion Flashcards
Carrons antecedents
The factors that might influence cohesion
- Environmental factors
- size of the group and time available. Larger the group better chance of productivity however more chance of social loafing and the ringleman effect. ‘Cliques’ may form in a larger group
- age and gender differences may reduce cohesion and the desire to reach common goals - Personal factors
- refers to similarly of group members in terms of their aspirations and opinions and whether they are happy in the role that they play in the team - Leadership factors
- Style chosen by coach is important, how they get on with the rest of the team - Team factors
- the more success achieved the more each team member will want to be successful, the higher the cohesion will be
- team having experiences of losses and wins which is helpful for future games
- longer team has been together more chance of cohesion
- if team is threatened from another group ‘we’re going to thrash them’ can help bind the team together and eliminate cliques
Task cohesion def
Individuals working together to achieve a final goal
Social cohesion def
Individuals relating to a each other to interact in the group
Social cohesion characteristics
- helps the team communicate and boosts team spirit
- can have negative influence on group, may produce cliques, meaning some team members may not co operate or contribute to tactics
- outside of team some members may not see ea h other
- when social cohesion is strong, members of team may socialise outside of team environment
Task cohesion characteristics
- can over ride problems of social cohesion
- performance and results of team may be good even if players do not socialise but without task cohesion results may be poor
- players may separate differences on the pitch and work hard for the cause
- desire for success drives team to achieving their goals
- prize of winning (trophies) becomes more important than any social differences
Steiners model of team performance
Actual productivity= potential productivity- losses due to faulty processes
-group potential is affected by skill level and ability of the players compared to the opponents and how difficult the task ahead may be
-best facilities and best players does not mean team success. They need cohesion
Eg. England at World Cup
Actual productivity def
Outcome of group performance
Potential productivity def
The best performance based on player ability and group resources
Faulty processes def
Things that go wrong to reduce group outcomes and prevent group potential being reached
Faulty processes examples
Co-ordination problems: Tactics Strategies Communication Interaction required in sport
Motivation problems:
Social loafing
Ringleman effect
Social loafing def
Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when individual efforts are not recognised
Causes of social loafing
Lack of confidence
- Players may develop negative attitude (not liking position being played in)
- Coach or captain offering poor leadership by not offering incentives, eg. Player of match award. Consequently, players may think that their effort will not be recognised
- players may not understand their role
- lack of fitness
- goals not specific enough eg. Goal of ‘winning’ to general. Specific tactics more helpful like ‘cover the right side’
Ringleman effect
When group performance decrease with group size
Eg. Study found in tug or war individuals put less effort in as the group size increased
Avoiding social loafing
- coach should make sure efforts are recognised eg. Give a player a specific role to mark a player
- coach should use statistics to highlight individual performance eg. Number of tackles made
- coach should set goals that are not performance based. Player can learn even in defeat
