Cognitive Development {17}

Question 1

Neglect?

Answer 1

When caregivers fail to provide basic sensory experiences and stimulation to children during key periods of child development

Question 2

Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development?

Answer 2

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Question 3

Sensorimotor?

Age Range? Cognitive Capabilities?

Answer 3

0-2; Knowledge developed through 5 senses

Object Permanence develops between 4 & 9 months

Question 4

Preoperational?

Age Range? Cognitive Capabilities?

Answer 4

2-7
Verbal and egocentric thinking develop; Can do mentally what once could only do physically; conservation of shape, number, liquid not possible yet

Question 5

Concrete Operational?

Age Range? Cognitive Capabilities?

Answer 5

7-11
Conservation of shape, number, liquid are now possible;
Logic and reasoning develop, but are limited to appearance and what is concretly observed

Question 6

Formal Operational?

Age Range? Cognitive Capabilities?

Answer 6

11 and up
Abstract reasoning - principles and ideals develop; Systematic problem-solving is now possible;
Metacognition;
Scientific Reasoning

Question 7

Object Permanence?

Answer 7

The ability to realize that objects still exist when not being sensed

‘Out of SIght; Out of Mind’

Question 8

Egocentrism?

Answer 8

The tendency to view the world only form one’s own perspective

Question 9

Conservation?

Answer 9

The ability to recognize that when some properties of an obeject change, other properties remain constant

Question 10

Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 10

Defined it as the distance between what a child can learn alone and what that child can learn with assistance form someone else, usually adult

Question 11

3 Major Developmental Questions?

Answer 11

1. Nature v. Nurture
2. Stability v. Change
3. Continuity v. Discontinuity

Question 12

Summarize:

Nature v. Nurture?

Two ways to study?

Answer 12

Nature: Biological maturation and maturation

Nurture: Impact of the environment, which involves learning through experience

Twin Studies & Adoption Studies

Twin Studies = Identical twins have same genotype
Adoption Studies = Different biology but similar family support nurture

Question 13

Summarize:

Stability v. Change?

Capacaity for Change?

Answer 13

Stability: Personality Traits present during infancy endure throughout lifespan

Change: Personalities are modified by interactions with family, experiences at school , and acculturation

Plasticity

Question 14

Summarize:

Continuity v. Discontinuity?

Answer 14

Continuity: Development within children is a gradual process

Discontinuity: Development is a more abrupt-a succession of changes that produce different behaviors in different ‘stages’ of life

Discontinuity View = People go through same stages but different rates

Question 15

Define:

Schema?

Answer 15

Basic building blocks of such cognitive models and enable us to form a mental representation of the world

Question 16

Differentiate:

Assimilation v. Accomodation

Ex of Both

Answer 16

Assimilation: Using existing schema to deal with a new object or situation

Acculturation: When existing schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation

Assimilation - 2 yr old sees bald man with frizzy sides and calls him a clown

Accomodation - Father corrects him and toddler now has a deeper understanding of clowns and will apply it

Question 17

Define

Equilibration?

Answer 17

The force which moves development along… Leaps and Bounds

Question 18

How does it challenge Piaget’s views?

Vygotsky’s theory?

Answer 18

Cognitive Development is not fully dependent on maturation, but cultural factors too

Social Interaction + Maturation = Cognitive Development

Question 19

4 Types of Parenting?

Answer 19

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvovled

Question 20

Define & Pros/Cons:

Authoritarian Parenting?

Phrases?

Answer 20

Believe kids should follow rules without exception;
Punishments instead of discipline (Make kids feel sorry for mistakes)

‘Because I said so’

Pros: Children tend to follow rules
Cons: Higher risk at self-esteem problems; hostile or aggressive

Question 21

Define & Pros/Cons:

Authoritative Parenting?

Phrases?

Answer 21

Have rules and they use consequences but take children’s opinions into account

Explain the Reason behind rules; Positive relationship with Child

Pros: More likely to become responsible adults who feel comfortable expressing opinions

Cons: N/A

Question 22

Define & Pros/Cons:

Permissive Parenting?

Phrases?

Answer 22

Lenient; Only step in when a problem is serious; Consequences don’t stick

‘Kids will be Kids’ Attitude

Cons: More likely to struggle academically
Sadness & more behavioral problems

Question 23

Define & Pros/Cons:

Uninvolved Parenting?

Phrases?

Answer 23

Have little knowledge of what their children are doing

Parents overwhlemed with other factors: Work, House, Bills

Pros:
Cons: Self Esteem Issues