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Biology > Co-ordination And Repsonse > Flashcards

Co-ordination And Repsonse Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pain receptor

A

A sensory receptor that responds to noxious or painful stimuli; also called a nociceptor

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2
Q

Sense organs

A

Organs containing receptor cells adapted for the receiving of a particular type of stimulus

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3
Q

Retina

A

Contains receptors for vision

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4
Q

Nose

A

Sense organ for smell

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5
Q

Ear

A

Sense organ for sound and balance

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6
Q

Taste buds

A

A collection of modified epithelial cells on the tongue or in the mouth that are receptors for taste in mammals

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7
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment that triggers a response in an organism

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9
Q

Response

A

Reacting to stimuli

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10
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A nerve cell that receives information from the internal and external environment and transmits signals to the central nervous system

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11
Q

Motor neuron

A

A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

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12
Q

Relay neurone

A

Found in the spinal cord, carries electrical impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

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13
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of cells that connect receptors to the central nervous system, and the central nervous system to receptors.

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14
Q

Synapse

A

A junction (gap) between neurones where chemicals diffuse across

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15
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system - includes the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Effector

A

A muscle or a gland which causes the response

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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system

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18
Q

Axon

A

A typically long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body towards target cells

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19
Q

Cell body

A

A part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles

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20
Q

Dendrite

A

Part of neurone which receives input from other neurones

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21
Q

Cones

A

Allow colour vision in bright light

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22
Q

Rods

A

Allow black and white vision in dim light

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23
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Receptors found in skin and hypothalamus which detect temperature

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24
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range

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25
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent frontal portion of the sclera, which admits light into the vertebrate eye

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26
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the iris, which admits light into the interior or the vertebrate eye. Muscles in the iris regulate its size

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27
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the size of the pupil

28
Q

Vitreous humor

A

The jellylike material that fills the posterior cavity of the vertebrate eye

29
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Transmits light rays and supports eyeball

30
Q

Choroid

A

Absorbs stray light

31
Q

Sclera

A

A tough, white outer layer of connective tissue that forms the globe of the vertebrate eye

32
Q

Retina

A

Contains receptors for vision

33
Q

Optic nerve

A

Transmits impulses to the brain

34
Q

Blind spot

A

Area where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptors here

35
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Relaxes causing the suspensory ligaments to become tight and the lens flattens for distance

36
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Loosen causing the lens to become rounded for near vision

37
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Covers sclera and cornea and keeps eye moist

38
Q

Lens

A

The structure in an eye that focuses light rays onto the photoreceptors

39
Q

Eyelid

A

Protects the eye from physical harm

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary

41
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

42
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose in animals. Broken down to release glucose into the blood

43
Q

Glucose

A

Simplest sugar monomer, used in respiration

44
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes muscle and liver cells to take glucose from the blood.

45
Q

Auxin

A

A plant growth hormone

46
Q

Phototropism

A

A growth response in plants affected by light

47
Q

Geotropism, gravitropism

A

A growth response in plants affected by the direction of the force of gravity.

48
Q

Negative geotropsim

A

When a shoot grows away from gravity

49
Q

Positive geotropism

A

When a plant root grows towards gravity

50
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels

51
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels

52
Q

Sweating

A

A response to high body temperature where a fluid is secreted from glands in the skin

53
Q

Endocrine glands

A

A collection of cells that secrete hormones into the blood

54
Q

Central nervous system

A

Coordinates and controls responses, consisting of brain and spinal cord.

55
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormones act as chemical messengers

56
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

57
Q

Shivering

A

Muscle contraction to release heat

58
Q

(Nerve) impulse

A

Electrical signal

59
Q

Negative feedback

A

A key mechanism in achieving homeostasis, the body monitors its internal environment and reacts by trying to reduce any changes that occur

60
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more target organs

61
Q

Hormonal system

A

A chemical response system in humans where hormones produced by the endocrine glands are carried in the blood to target organs where they affect the cells.

62
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell, which is specially adapted for carrying electrical nerve impulses

63
Q

Nervous system

A

A response system in humans that uses electrical impulses between receptor cells, nerve cells and effector cells to produce a response to a stimulus.

64
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced in the ovaries that helps to control the menstrual cycle

65
Q

Oestrogen

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries that helps to control the menstrual cycle and produced secondary sexual characteristics in girls.

66
Q

Target organ

A

An organ of the body containing cells that respond to a particular hormone

67
Q

Testosterone

A

A hormone produced by the testes that produces secondary sexual characteristics in boys.

Biology (20 decks)

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