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Class 9: research 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the best form of evidence

A

Meta anaylsis

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2
Q

what is the wrost type of evidence

A

case studies and cade reports

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3
Q

what are the next best two type of studies

A

systematic review

RCT

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4
Q

what is the difference between meta anayalsis and systematic review

A

Meta-Analysis: Statistics is performed

Systematic reviews: Statistics is NOT performed

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5
Q

what is a RCT

A

Determine efficacy of
intervention, participants are randomly allocated into different
groups to help minimize bias

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6
Q

what are Cohort Studies:

A

Observational study that compares a cohort who share a common characteristic; with and without the exposure.

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7
Q

what are Case Control Studies:

A

Compares a group of individuals with a specific condition with a group of people without the same condition
(controls).

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8
Q

Cross Sectional Studies:

A

Observation study where data is collected from a population or a representative subset at a single point in time.

Unlike cohort studies or longitudinal studies, which follow
participants over an extended period, cross-sectional studies provide
a “snapshot” of information at a specific moment.

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9
Q

Longitudinal Studies:

A

Observational study involving repeated observations or measurements of the same individuals or groups
across extended time periods to understand the patterns and factors
influencing those changes.

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10
Q

what is the purpose of cross sectional studies

A

Estimate the prevalence of
diseases, health behaviors and
explores associations between
variables at a specific point in time.

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11
Q

what is the purpose of Longitudinal study

A

Examines development of traits,
behaviors, or outcomes over time
and develops cause-and-effect
relationships

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12
Q

Case Series/Case Reports:

A

Document clinical case of a single
patient or a series of patients

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13
Q

what is Qualitative Research

A

Collecting and analyzing non-numerical data

QuaLitative: Love (emotions)

(categorical data)

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14
Q

what are some examples of Qualitative Research

A

Analysis of text, video, audio,
observation, questionnaires, interviews
to understand concepts, opinions,
experiences, emotions

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15
Q

what is Quantitative Research

A

Collecting and analyzing numerical data

QuaNtitative: Numbers

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16
Q

example of Quantitative Research

A

Analysis of quantifiable outcome
measures

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17
Q

Quantitative Research stat?

A

yes

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18
Q

Qualitative Research stat?

A

Statistical analysis is NOT performed

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19
Q

types of Qualitative research

A

Nominal and Ordinal

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20
Q

Nominal

A
  • Data that can be labelled or
    classified into mutually exclusive
    categories within a variable
  • Used to label variables without any
    quantitative value
  • Ex. Gender, blood types
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21
Q

Ordinal

A
  • Data measured in rank
  • Order of the variables matters
  • No quantifiable differences between
    subsequent ranks
  • Ex. MMT grades, level of assistance,
    joint laxity grades
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22
Q

what is Interval

A
  • Data where the difference
    between two values is
    meaningful
  • Hold no true zero and can
    represent values below zero
  • Ex. Temperature, IQ test score
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23
Q

what is ratio

A
  • Has all the properties of an
    interval variable and a clear
    definition of true zero
  • Highest level of measurement
  • Ex. Height, money, age, weight

RatiO: True 0

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24
Q

what is Reliability

A
  • Consistency of an instrument or measure
  • Extent of the research instrument to consistently have the same
    results when used in the same situation on repeated occasions
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25
Intra-rater:
Test performed by 1 person several times
26
Inter-rater:
* Test performed by 2 or more individuals on different subjects for testing 1 variable
27
Test-retest reliability:
Same test to the same individuals on two occasions same score with each measurement on something that should stay the same over time
28
what is Validity
* Consistency of an instrument or measure * Extent to which the instruments used in the experiment measure exactly what you want them to measure
29
what is the strongest type of validity
Concurrent validity:
30
what is Concurrent validity:
Test performed and compared to the GOLD standard test and results are matched Ex. Heart rate measured by peripheral pulses and compared with ECG readings
31
what is Content validity
Test should measure specifically what the patient problem is. Ex. For testing functional balance/fall-risk, Timed up and GO test can be used Extent to which test accurately assesses what it's supposed to assess
32
what is Construct validity
Test should measure what it's supposed to measure Ex. Goniometer should measure ROM only (nothing else) What the test is supposed to measure?
33
what is the weakest form of validity
Face validity
34
what is Face validity
* The outcome measure should measure what is looks like it will measure related to patient problem * Weak form of validity, does NOT consider the gold standard of measurement * Ex. Survey to measure the regularity of dietary habits What the test APPEARS to measure?
35
what is type 1 error
When you incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. This would be a “false positive.” man - you are pregnant “I” can be converted to “P”
36
what is type 2 error
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis. This would be a “false negative.” pregnant women - you are not pregnent “II” can be converted to “N”
37
Sensitivity:
̶Helps in ruling conditions “out” (SnOut) ̶Few false negatives
38
Specificity:
̶Helps in ruling conditions “in” (SpIn) ̶Few false positives
39
what are Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs)
are tools designed to improve decision making in clinical practice by assisting practitioners in making a particular diagnosis, establishing a prognosis, or matching patients to optimal interventions based on a parsimonious subset of predictor variables from the history and physical examination. wainner's, Ottowa ankle rules
40
what is the * Dependent Variable:
Is the outcome or variable of interest in an experiment or study.
41
what is the Independent Variable:
Variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
42
what is the Covariate:
Considered as an independent variable in an analysis but is not of primary interest. It is a potential source of variation or confounding factor that potentially influences the dependent variable.
43
what is the Null Hypothesis:
No significant differences in group means.
44
what is the Alternative Hypothesis:
Significant differences in group means.
45
Parametric
Equal distribution - Bell shaped curve: Normal distribution Randomization of sample Quantitative data (Usually interval, ratio) More powerful
46
Non-Parametric
Unequal distribution - Skewed curve: Non-normal distribution No randomization of sample Qualitative data (Usually nominal, ordinal) Less powerful than parametric
47
what are three types of parametric test
T-test Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): ANCOVA:
48
T-test
statistical tool that determines if the difference between two groups' means is statistically significan
49
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
at least 3
50
Non-Parametric Test
Chi square test: Mann Whitney U test: Kruskal Wallis test:
51
Chi square test:
* Use of nominal/categorical data to find difference between groups * Ex. 20 males vs 30 females
52
Mann Whitney U test:
* Use of continuous or ordinal data to test the null hypothesis with two independent samples from the same population * Similar to Independent samples t-test
53
Kruskal Wallis test:
* Three or more groups compared * Similar to One-way ANOVA
54
55
Internal consistency
a statistical measure that indicates how well a set of items on a test or survey are measuring the same thing
56
Bell curve
68 95 99.7
57
what si the best test for inteventions
randomized control trial
58
does a cohort study have an intervention
no it is a observational study
59
does a cross sectional study have a intervention
no it is an observational study
60
is a cohort study a longitudinal study
yes
61
what are examples of observational studies
cohort cross sectional case- control
62
are long study prospective or retro
prospective
63
what are the types of long studies
cohort case control
64
what is the difference between cohort and case control studies
cohort - incidence of disease in response to exposure case control - risk factor analysis
65
what are the two classification for quantitative data
discrete - interval and ratio continous - interval and ratio
66
what is discrete
something that you can count - whole numbers
67
what is continous
something that you can measure - decimals measure the amount of weight- 124.2
68
what are the three types of reliability
intra inter test restest
69
what is an important factor for test retest relaibility
time Same test to the same individuals on two occasions
70
content vs construct validity
content - lookst at the domains of the test construct - looks at the tools, only measuring what it is supposed too
71
what are some example of thing that use face validity
survery or questionairres this based off judgement
72
what does dysphalgia mean
hard time swallowing

FF: cardio content (16 decks)

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