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FF: cardio content > Class 9: research 1 > Flashcards

Class 9: research 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the best form of evidence

A

Meta anaylsis

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2
Q

what is the wrost type of evidence

A

case studies and cade reports

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3
Q

what are the next best two type of studies

A

systematic review

RCT

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4
Q

what is the difference between meta anayalsis and systematic review

A

Meta-Analysis: Statistics is performed

Systematic reviews: Statistics is NOT performed

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5
Q

what is a RCT

A

Determine efficacy of
intervention, participants are randomly allocated into different
groups to help minimize bias

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6
Q

what are Cohort Studies:

A

Observational study that compares a cohort who share a common characteristic; with and without the exposure.

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7
Q

what are Case Control Studies:

A

Compares a group of individuals with a specific condition with a group of people without the same condition
(controls).

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8
Q

Cross Sectional Studies:

A

Observation study where data is collected from a population or a representative subset at a single point in time.

Unlike cohort studies or longitudinal studies, which follow
participants over an extended period, cross-sectional studies provide
a “snapshot” of information at a specific moment.

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9
Q

Longitudinal Studies:

A

Observational study involving repeated observations or measurements of the same individuals or groups
across extended time periods to understand the patterns and factors
influencing those changes.

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10
Q

what is the purpose of cross sectional studies

A

Estimate the prevalence of
diseases, health behaviors and
explores associations between
variables at a specific point in time.

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11
Q

what is the purpose of Longitudinal study

A

Examines development of traits,
behaviors, or outcomes over time
and develops cause-and-effect
relationships

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12
Q

Case Series/Case Reports:

A

Document clinical case of a single
patient or a series of patients

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13
Q

what is Qualitative Research

A

Collecting and analyzing non-numerical data

QuaLitative: Love (emotions)

(categorical data)

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14
Q

what are some examples of Qualitative Research

A

Analysis of text, video, audio,
observation, questionnaires, interviews
to understand concepts, opinions,
experiences, emotions

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15
Q

what is Quantitative Research

A

Collecting and analyzing numerical data

QuaNtitative: Numbers

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16
Q

example of Quantitative Research

A

Analysis of quantifiable outcome
measures

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17
Q

Quantitative Research stat?

A

yes

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18
Q

Qualitative Research stat?

A

Statistical analysis is NOT performed

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19
Q

types of Qualitative research

A

Nominal and Ordinal

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20
Q

Nominal

A
  • Data that can be labelled or
    classified into mutually exclusive
    categories within a variable
  • Used to label variables without any
    quantitative value
  • Ex. Gender, blood types
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21
Q

Ordinal

A
  • Data measured in rank
  • Order of the variables matters
  • No quantifiable differences between
    subsequent ranks
  • Ex. MMT grades, level of assistance,
    joint laxity grades
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22
Q

what is Interval

A
  • Data where the difference
    between two values is
    meaningful
  • Hold no true zero and can
    represent values below zero
  • Ex. Temperature, IQ test score
23
Q

what is ratio

A
  • Has all the properties of an
    interval variable and a clear
    definition of true zero
  • Highest level of measurement
  • Ex. Height, money, age, weight

RatiO: True 0

24
Q

what is Reliability

A
  • Consistency of an instrument or measure
  • Extent of the research instrument to consistently have the same
    results when used in the same situation on repeated occasions
25
Q

Intra-rater:

A

Test performed by 1 person several times

26
Q

Inter-rater:

A
  • Test performed by 2 or more individuals on different subjects for testing 1 variable
27
Q

Test-retest reliability:

A

Same test to the same individuals on two occasions

same score with each measurement on something that should stay the same over time

28
Q

what is Validity

A
  • Consistency of an instrument or measure
  • Extent to which the instruments used in the experiment measure
    exactly what you want them to measure
29
Q

what is the strongest type of validity

A

Concurrent validity:

30
Q

what is Concurrent validity:

A

Test performed and compared to the GOLD standard test and
results are matched

Ex. Heart rate measured by peripheral pulses and compared with
ECG readings

31
Q

what is Content validity

A

Test should measure specifically what the patient problem is.

Ex. For testing functional balance/fall-risk, Timed up and GO test
can be used

Extent to which test accurately assesses what it’s supposed to assess

32
Q

what is Construct validity

A

Test should measure what it’s supposed to measure

Ex. Goniometer should measure ROM only (nothing else)

What the test is supposed to measure?

33
Q

what is the weakest form of validity

A

Face validity

34
Q

what is Face validity

A
  • The outcome measure should measure what is looks like it will
    measure related to patient problem
  • Weak form of validity, does NOT consider the gold standard of
    measurement
  • Ex. Survey to measure the regularity of dietary habits

What the test APPEARS to measure?

35
Q

what is type 1 error

A

When you incorrectly reject a
true null hypothesis. This would
be a “false positive.”

man - you are pregnant

“I” can be converted to “P”

36
Q

what is type 2 error

A

Failing to reject a false null
hypothesis. This would be a
“false negative.”

pregnant women - you are not pregnent

“II” can be converted to “N”

37
Q

Sensitivity:

A

̶Helps in ruling conditions “out” (SnOut)

̶Few false negatives

38
Q

Specificity:

A

̶Helps in ruling conditions “in” (SpIn)

̶Few false positives

39
Q

what are Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs)

A

are tools designed to improve
decision making in clinical practice by assisting practitioners in
making a particular diagnosis, establishing a prognosis, or matching
patients to optimal interventions based on a parsimonious subset of
predictor variables from the history and physical examination.

wainner’s, Ottowa ankle rules

40
Q

what is the * Dependent Variable:

A

Is the outcome or variable of interest in an experiment or study.

41
Q

what is the Independent Variable:

A

Variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

42
Q

what is the Covariate:

A

Considered as an independent variable in an analysis
but is not of primary interest. It is a potential source of variation
or confounding factor that potentially influences the dependent
variable.

43
Q

what is the Null Hypothesis:

A

No significant differences in group means.

44
Q

what is the Alternative Hypothesis:

A

Significant differences in group means.

45
Q

Parametric

A

Equal distribution - Bell shaped curve: Normal distribution

Randomization of sample

Quantitative data
(Usually interval, ratio)

More powerful

46
Q

Non-Parametric

A

Unequal distribution - Skewed curve: Non-normal distribution

No randomization of sample

Qualitative data
(Usually nominal, ordinal)

Less powerful than parametric

47
Q

what are three types of parametric test

A

T-test

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):

ANCOVA:

48
Q

T-test

A

statistical tool that determines if the difference between two groups’ means is statistically significan

49
Q

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):

A

at least 3

50
Q

Non-Parametric Test

A

Chi square test:

Mann Whitney U test:

Kruskal Wallis test:

51
Q

Chi square test:

A
  • Use of nominal/categorical data to find difference between groups
  • Ex. 20 males vs 30 females
52
Q

Mann Whitney U test:

A
  • Use of continuous or ordinal data to test the null hypothesis with two
    independent samples from the same population
  • Similar to Independent samples t-test
53
Q

Kruskal Wallis test:

A
  • Three or more groups compared
  • Similar to One-way ANOVA
54
Q
A

FF: cardio content (11 decks)

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