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FF: cardio content > class 5: other systems > Flashcards

class 5: other systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is Metabolic syndrome

A

consists of signs and symptoms that are risk factors and are strongly linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

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2
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis parts

A

Waist circumference

Triglycerides

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Blood Pressure

Fasting Plasma Glucose

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3
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis - Waist circumference

A

> 40 inches in men or > 35 inches in women

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4
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis - Triglycerides

A

150 mg/dL or higher

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5
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis - High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

< 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 mg/dL in women

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6
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis - Blood Pressure

A

Systolic 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP = 85 mm Hg

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7
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis - Fasting Plasma Glucose

A

> 100 mg/dL

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8
Q

is HDL or LDL better

A

HDL good

LDL bad

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9
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

responsible for regulation of the ANS (body temperature, appetite, sweating, thirst, sexual behavior, rage, fear, blood pressure, sleep)

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10
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

secretes endorphins and reduces a person’s sensitivity to pain.

It controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for the testes and ovaries to create sex hormones

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11
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

produces hormones that act to control the rate at which cells
burn the fuel from food

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12
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism

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13
Q

Adrenal gland function

A

produces corticosteroids that will regulate water and sodium
balance, the body’s response to stress, the immune system, and metabolism

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14
Q

what is Addison’s Disease

A

Adrenal insufficiency – decreased cortisol and aldosterone

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15
Q

what causes Addison’s Disease

A

infections, neoplasm, hemorrhage,
autoimmune process.

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16
Q

Addison’s Disease - BP and hydration

A

Decreased BP, dehydration

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17
Q

Addison’s Disease - glucose

A

Decreased glucose

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18
Q

Addison’s Disease - skin

A

Bronze pigmented skin – increased MSH

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19
Q

Addison’s Disease - weight

A

Weight loss, anorexia, GI disturbances

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20
Q

Addison’s Disease - muscles

A

Generalized weakness (asthenia)

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21
Q

Addison’s Disease - tolerance

A

Intolerance to cold and stress, anxiety and depression

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22
Q

what is Cushing’s Disease

A

Elevated cortisol and aldosterone

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23
Q

what causes Cushing’s Disease

A

pituitary tumor with increased ACTH secretion

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24
Q

Cushing’s Disease - BP and hydration

A

Increased BP, water retention

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25
Q

Cushing’s Disease - CA

A

Hypokalemia

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26
Q

Cushing’s Disease - glucose

A

increased glucose

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27
Q

Cushing’s Disease - skin

A

Ruddy appearance, striae on skin

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28
Q

Cushing’s Disease - weight

A

Weight gain, centripetal obesity, round moon face

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29
Q

Cushing’s Disease - muscle strength

A

Proximal muscle weakness and atrophy

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30
Q

Cushing’s Disease - tolerance

A

Increased susceptibility to infection, osteoporosis (buffalo hump), poor wound healing

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31
Q

Cushing’s Disease vs. Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Cushing’s Disease: Pituitary Adenoma → more ACTH secreted by
PITUITARY GLAND → stimulates Adrenal gland → more CORTISOL
is released

Cushing’s Syndrome: Adrenal gland tumor → Adrenal gland
secretes more CORTISOL → drug toxicity

sym are common in both

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32
Q

what are the two thyriod problems

A

hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

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33
Q

what are the two adrenal cortex problems

A

cushing and addison’s

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34
Q

what is Hyperthyroidism 2/2

A

Increased T3 and T4, low TSH

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35
Q

what is the function of cortisol

A
  • regulate BP
  • glucose formation
  • stress response
  • decreases inflammation
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36
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

kicks out K

matains NA and H2O

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37
Q

Hyperthyroidism - HR and heat

A

HR increase

heat intolerance

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38
Q

Hyperthyroidism -glucose and GI, weight

A

Increased glucose absorption

Diarrhea

weight loss and decreased appeitite

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39
Q

Hyperthyroidism - sweat

A

Increased perspiration

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40
Q

Hyperthyroidism - what are example of these disease

A

Exophthalmos, Graves’ disease

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41
Q

Hyperthyroidism - relfexes

A

Hyperreflexia

42
Q

Hyperthyroidism - skin

A

Silky hair, moist palm

43
Q

mrs. Addison

A

thin old brown lady walking with a stick

  • weak
  • hyperpigmentation
  • cold intolerence
  • weight loss
  • decreased BP
44
Q

what is Hypothyroidism 2/2

A

Decreased T3 and T4, high TSH

45
Q

mr. Cushing

A

has more cushion because he drinks a lot of beer (red skin)

weak because he never works out

gets sick a lot

increased BP

46
Q

Hypothyroidism - HR and tolerance to heat

A

decreased HR

Cold intolerance

47
Q

Hypothyroidism - glucose and GI, weight

A

Decreased glucose absorption

Constipation

Weight gain and decreased appetite.

48
Q

Hypothyroidism - skin

A

Brittle nails, dry skin and hair

49
Q

Hypothyroidism - sweat

A

Decreased perspiration

50
Q

Hypothyroidism - reflexes

A

Prolonged deep tendon reflexes

51
Q

Hypothyroidism - examples

A

Myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease

52
Q

Parathyroid Conditions

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

53
Q

what is Hyperparathyroidism 2/2

A

Elevated calcium and decreased serum phosphate

54
Q

what are the sym of Hyperparathyroidism

A

̶Can demineralize bone = bone weakness and decreased density

Osteopenia, gout, arthralgia, kidney stones, renal insufficiency,
peptic ulcers, proximal muscle weakness, fatigue, depression, confusion, drowsiness, glove/stocking sensory loss

bones, stones, groans, mones, sensory

55
Q

hypothyroidism story

A

lazy person laying on the couch all day under a comforter

cold intolerance - under the blanket

lazy - sleepiness,

all day - dry hair, skin and nails (brittle)

not moving - consitpation, weight gain, increased BP

notmoving - inclreased Blood glucose (not being absorbed)

56
Q

what is Hypoparathyroidism 2/2

A

Low calcium and high phosphorus

57
Q

what are the symtoms hypo parathyroid

A

Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, muscle twitching, tetany,
muscle cramps, muscle spasms, paresthesia of fingertips and mouth, fatigue, weakness

CATs are NUMB

58
Q

what is type 1 DM

A

Pancreas produces no insulin → insulin dependent DM

59
Q

what is the function of insulin

A

glucose storage (in cells remove glucose from the blood stream)

60
Q

when is type 1 normally diagnosised

A

Diagnosed mostly at childhood, but can be any age

61
Q

Symptoms of DM 1

A

Polyphagia, weight loss, ketoacidosis, polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision and dehydration

62
Q

what is myxedema

A

puffiness of the hands and feet

Hypothyroidism

63
Q

what is type 2 DM

A

Body’s resistance to insulin → insulin resistant DM

64
Q

why does DM 2 occur

A

Occurs secondary to other dysfunctions

65
Q

Hypoglycemia - glucose levels

A

Glucose is <70 mg/dl

66
Q

hype man - Hyperthyroidism

A

hype man

running around - Weight loss and increased appetite, Increased perspiration, Restlessness, insomnia, Increased HR

fast - Hyperreflexia, Heat intolerance

sweat - Silky hair, moist palm

67
Q

Hypoglycemia - early signs

A

Pallor, sweating

Shakiness

Poor coordination and unsteady gait

Tachycardia & palpitations

Dizziness, fainting

Excessive hunger

68
Q

Hypoglycemia - late signs

A

Slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion

Loss of consciousness & coma

69
Q

what is graves disease

A

bulging eyes

hyperthyroidism

an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone

70
Q

Hyperglycemia - glucose level

A

Glucose >300 mg/dl

71
Q

Hyperglycemia - early signs

A

Weakness

Dry mouth

Frequent, scant urination

Deep and rapid respirations

Dull senses, confusion, diminished reflexes

Excessive thirst

72
Q

Hyperglycemia - late signs

A

Fruity odor (acetone breath)

Hyperglycemic coma

73
Q

when do we avoid exercise in pt’s with DM

A

̶Avoid exercise during peak insulin hours

74
Q

insulin and active muscles

A

̶Insulin is absorbed much more quickly in an active extremity. Always apply the insulin injections in the abdomen/ non active extremity

75
Q

insulin dosage after exercises

A

̶Insulin dosage should be reduced after exercise

76
Q

exercises reccomendation for DM

A

Exercise in the morning is recommended to avoid hypoglycemia resulting from fluctuations
in insulin sensitivity

77
Q

FITT Principle for DM Patients - F

A

3-7 days/week

78
Q

FITT Principle for DM Patients - I

A

11-13 on RPE Scale (can go up to 17)

79
Q

FITT Principle for DM Patients - T

A

Minimum of 150 mins./week, can be progressed to 300 min/week

80
Q

FITT Principle for DM Patients - T

A

Moderate intensity aerobic exercises involving larger muscle groups

81
Q

what is Stress Incontinence

A

Involuntary leakage of urine during cough, sneezing, or exertion.

Can be seen postpartum, pelvic floor muscle weakness

82
Q

Urge Incontinence

A

Involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle with a strong desire to void (urgency).

sudden and compelling need to urinate

Can be seen with infections, Parkinson’s disease, UMN lesions

83
Q

Overflow Incontinence

A

Incontinence caused by an acontractile or underactive detrusor muscle.

Bladder is overdistended, can not empty completely, and urine dribbles or leaks out. Can be seen with
benign prostatic hyperplasia, DM

84
Q

Functional Incontinence

A

Incontinence due to mobility, dexterity, or cognitive deficits.

Can be seen with dementia, lower extremity weakness

85
Q

Stress incontinence: PT intervention

A

Strengthen pelvic floor muscles

86
Q

Urge incontinence: PT intervention

A

Treat infections, voiding schedule

87
Q

Functional incontinence: PT intervention

A

Clear clutter, improve accessibility, and prompted voiding

88
Q

Overflow incontinence: PT intervention

A

Behavioral modification like double
voiding, medication and catheterization

89
Q

DM fasting glucose

A

f fasting blood glucose is 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, diabetes is diagnosed.

90
Q

DM random blood glucose (taken at any time)

A

> 200 mg/dl

91
Q

what is HbA1C

A

a blood test that measures a person’s average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months.

92
Q

DM HbA1C levels

A

> 10% –> immediated insulin therapy

93
Q

what is normal values for HbA1C

A

4-6%

94
Q

what happen if the pt takes too much insulin

A

hypoglycemia

95
Q

hypoglyemia remember

A

cold and clam - give me a candy

96
Q

hyperglycemia remember

A

hot and dry - sugar high

97
Q

what happen to the sensitivity of insulin with exercise

A

insulin sensitivity increases

98
Q

what are safe blood glucose levels

A

101 - 250 mg/dL

99
Q

blood glucose 70 - 100 indicates what

A

can exercise

but give pt CHO snack and wait 15 mins to see if levels are up to 101 - 250

100
Q

what is considered cho snack

A

15 g

101
Q

what do we do if blood glucose in <70 or >300

A

no exercise

102
Q

what do we do if blood glucose in 250-300

A

proceed with caution if there is not D-ketoacidosis

FF: cardio content (11 decks)

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