class 11: cardio bonus class Flashcards
Asthma def
Is a condition in which your airways narrow, swell, and may produce extra mucus.
This can make breathing difficult and trigger
coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath.
Chronic Bronchitis: def
Is inflammation (swelling) and irritation of the
bronchial tubes.
These tubes are the airways that carry air to and from the air sacs in your lungs. The irritation of the tubes causes mucus to build up.
Emphysema: def
Is pathologically defined as an abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied
by the
destruction of alveolar walls and without obvious fibrosis.
This process leads to reduced gas exchange, changes in airway dynamics that
impair expiratory airflow, and progressive air trapping.
Pneumonia: def
Is an infection in one or both lungs.
causes inflammation of alveoli.
The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it
difficult to breathe.
what causes PNA
Bacteria, viruses, and fungi cause it
what is pleura
The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
what is Pleural Effusion:
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the
build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs.
what is Pneumothorax:
collapsed lung.
occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall.
This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse.
does Pneumothorax result in complete or partial collaspe of the lung
either
Atelectasis: def
complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become
deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
when does Atelectasis normally occur
one of the most
common breathing (respiratory) complications after surgery.
Fremitus: what is it
Refers to vibratory tremors that can be felt through the chest by palpation.
To assess for tactile fremitus, ask the patient to say “99” or “blue moon”.
While the patient is speaking, palpate the chest from one side to the
other.
Percussion: what is it
Is an assessment technique which produces sounds by the examiner tapping on the patient’s chest wall.
Just as lightly tapping on a container with your hands produces various sounds, so tapping on the chest wall produces sounds based on the amount of air in the lungs.
PNA - fremitus and percussion
F: increase
P: dull or decreased resonance
pleural effusion - fremitus and percussion
F: decreased
P: decreased or flat resonance
Pneumothorax - fremitus and percussion
F: decreased
P: hyperrossance or typmatic
atelectasis - fremitus and percussion
F: absent
P: flat resonance
Chronic bronchitis - fremitus and percussion
F: decreased
P: resonant
asthma - fremitus and percussion
F: normal to decreased
P: resonant or hyperresonant
emyphasema - fremitus and percussion
F: decreased
P: hyper resonant or tympanic
what is the disease that we have increased tactile fremitus
PNA
what disease is tactile fremitus absent
atelectasis
what disease do we find dull or flat resonance
Pneumonia
Pleural Effusion
Atelectasis
what disease do find hyperresonant or tympanic
Pneumothorax
Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
Emphysema
hand placement -child CPR
2 hands or 1 hand (optional for
very small child) on the lower half
of the sternum
hand placement - infant
- 1 rescuer: 2 fingers in the
center of the chest, just below
the nipple line - 2 or more rescuers: 2 thumb
encircling hands in the center
of the chest, just below the
nipple line
chest recoil during CPR
Allow full recoil of chest after each compression;
do not lean on the chest after each compression
compression depth - child
- At least one third AP diameter
of chest - About 2 inches (5 cm)
compression depth - infant
- At least one third AP diameter
of chest - About 11⁄2 inches (4 cm)
Diabetic patients: FITT
3-7days/week for at least 150 min/week up to 300 min/week.
Initially 40-60% VO2 and then progress to 75% VO2 .
Aerobic type of exercises
Metabolic syndrome and Obesity: how long should the work out be for weight loss
For weight loss 60-90 minutes.
Elderly: FITT days a weak and effort
5 days/week for Moderate Intensity activities,
3 days/week for vigorous Intensity activities.
For pregnancy, cancer what is the RPE
RPE is 11-13.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - what is it
formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein,
DVT most common in what body part
legs
what is the complication we want to avoid with a DVT
PE
PE - hallmark signs
sudden onset of shortness of breath
(dyspnea)
rapid and shallow breathing (tachypnea).
DVT - signs
swelling in the lower extremities
anxiety
fever
excessive sweating (diaphoresis)
a cough
blood in the sputum
(hemoptysis).
what is the criteria we use to assess for a DVT
wells
what score on well indicates high likelihood fo DVT
> /= 2
Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm (AAA)
Pulsating feeling in the abdomen, abdominal bulge
911
Appendicitis
Tenderness at McBurney’s point, RLQ pain, mild fever
911
Acute Compartment Syndrome
6 ‘P’s:
Pain,
Palpable tenderness,
Paresthesia,
Pallor,
Paresis
Pulselessness
911
what is Paresis
a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness
911
Myocardial Ischemia / Cardiac Arrest
Arrest Left neck and jaw pain along with chest pain
911
Cauda Equina
Saddle anesthesia, loss of bowel bladder function, urine retention, lower extremity weakness
911
Anaphylaxis (Allergic Reaction)
Sudden hives, itching, shortness of breath, rapid or weak pulse
911
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Excessive thirst, confusion and difficulty concentrating and fruity odor in breath
hot and dry = sugar high
911
Heat Stroke
High Body Temperature (>104°F),
Altered Mental Status (confusion, disorientation, loss of consciousness),
Hot,
Dry Skin,
Tachycardia,
Headache
911
what is the main differnce between asthma and acute bronchitis
asthma - acute episodic condiotn
chronic brochitis - chronic condition
how long does it have to be to be considered chronic broch
3 month cough for 2 years
frematus and air
with more air there is less fremitus
how do we recognize cardiac arrest
- Check for responsiveness
- No breathing or only gasping (e.g. no normal breathing)
- No definite pulse felt within 10 seconds
- (Breathing and pulse check can be performed simultaneously in less than 10 seconds)
how do we calculate HR max from VO2 max
VO2 max + 10 = HR max%
for a weight loss program how many day a week
5 days a week
What is a semi-fowler position?
a supine position in which an individual lies on their back on a bed, with the head of the bed elevated between 30-45 degrees, and the legs of the patient can be either straight or bent at the knees
