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CPPS 302 > Class 9 > Flashcards

Class 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phenomenon of pacemaker cells with higher intrinsic rhythm preventing latent pacemakers in the heart from firing

A

Overdrive Suppression

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2
Q

Pacemaker cells with higher intrinsic rhythm tend to suppress what?

A

Latent pacemaker’s automaticity

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3
Q

When is the automaticity of pacemaker cells depressed?

A

When they are forced to fire faster than their intrinsic rate

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of overdrive suppression?

A

The activity of the Na/K ATPase increased when Na has a higher rate of influx, creating a higher rate of Na efflux than K influx

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5
Q

When overdrive suppression has happened it is more (negative, positive) in the cell

A

Negative, hyperpolarization

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6
Q

When it is more negative in the pacemaker cell, what happens to the pacemaker’s automaticity?

A

It is suppressed

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7
Q

When a pacemaker cell is hyperpolarized, the diastolic potential is changed how?

A

More negative maximum diastolic potential

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8
Q

When a pacemaker cell is hyperpolarized, what happens to the threshold value?

A

It is increased, thus slowing automaticity

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9
Q

What is a phenomenon that cardia impulses may re-excite the myocytes through which it had passed previously within same cardia cycle?

A

The re-entry loop

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10
Q

What is a direct consequence of conduction disturbance?

A

Onset of tachycardia or fibrillation

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11
Q

3 essential conditions required for the re-entry loop:

A

1) Must be closed conduction loop
2) Must be region of unidirectional block
3) Slow conduction of impulse around the loop

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12
Q

What does the re-entry loop cause physically to happen?

A

An extra heart beat

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13
Q

SA node controls the cardiac rhythm describes what?

A

Sinus rhythm

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14
Q

Sinus rhythm with a rate less than 60 bpm describes what?

A

Sinus bradycardia

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15
Q

Sinus rhythm with a rate greater than 100 bpm describes what?

A

Sinus tachycardia

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16
Q

Defined as the onset of abnormal heart rhythms is what?

A

Arrhythmia

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17
Q

Prolonged impairment of SA node allows latent pacemaker (AV node) to initiate escape beat is what?

A

Escape rhythm

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18
Q

Continuation of escape beats gives ride to what?

A

Escape rhythm

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19
Q

What is more sensitive to parasympathetic activity? SA and AV nodes or ventricular conducting system

A

SA and AV nodes

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20
Q

What is the ventricular conduction system?

A

bundle of His or bundle branches

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21
Q

During intense parasympathetic activity what becomes the latent pacemaker? When would this happen?

A

Ventricular conduction system, this is an escape rhythm

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22
Q

In intense parasympathetic activity, is the HR high or low?

A

Low

23
Q

Ischemia of the SA node can trigger what?

A

Onset of junctional escape beat and thus junction rhythm

24
Q

What is an ectopic beat?

A

A heartbeat generated by impulse other than from the SA node

25
Q

Junctional escape beat is a form of what?

A

Ectopic beat

26
Q

Impulse from latent pacemaker travels in two driections:

A

1) Towards the ventricular contractile myocytes
2) Towards the atrial contractile myocytes

27
Q

What happens to an ECG when there is an impulse from a latent pacemaker in junctional escape rhythm?

A

Inverted P wave

28
Q

What happens to ECG when impulse from a latent pacemaker in a ventricular escape rhythm?

A

Absent QRS complex

29
Q

What is an absent QRS complex an indication of?

A

An AV block

30
Q

When the AV node is blocked, what is the latent pacemaker?

A

bundle of His or bundle branches

31
Q

Ventricular tachycardia on a ECG:

A

Normal ECG, but fast heart rate, may have a wider QRS complex

32
Q

What can ventricular tachycardia lead to?

A

Ventricular flutter (over 200 bpm)

33
Q

What can ventricular flutter lead to?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

34
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Form of nonfunctional muscle contraction, produces no cardiac output

35
Q

Impaired conduction through the AV conduction system describes what?

A

Heart block

36
Q

What is included in the AV conduction system?

A

AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches

37
Q

Delay between atrial and ventricular depolarization is what degree of heart block?

A

First

38
Q

Intermittent failure of AV conduction is what degree of heart block?

A

Second

39
Q

First degree heart block on ECG:

A

Prolong PR interval

40
Q

What are the symptoms of a first degree heart block?

A

Usually asymptomatic, could get worse

41
Q

What are the 2 types of second degree heart blocks?

A

1) Mobitz I - Wenckebach
2) Mobitz II

42
Q

Mobitz I second degree heart block on ECG:

A

PR interval progressively lengthens until one QRS complex is absent, repeats

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Mobitz I second degree heart block?

A

AV node problem, increased vagal tone

44
Q

Mobitz II second degree heart block on ECG:

A

QRS complex absent every few PR intervals, may lose two or more in a row

45
Q

What is often the cause of Mobitz II second degree heart block?

A

Septal infarct or His-Purkinje system degeneration

46
Q

Third- degree heart block on ECG:

A

Total dissociation between P wave and QRS complex

47
Q

What can cause a third degree heart block?

A

Myocardial infarction or degeneration of the AV conduction system

48
Q

Complete hear block with complete failure of conduction between atria and ventricles is what degree of heart block?

A

Third

49
Q

Symptoms of third degree heart block?

A

Low HR, light headedness

50
Q

Occurs when the electrical impulse from the bundle of His does not conduct along the right bundle branch is what?

A

Right bundle branch block

51
Q

In a right bundle branch block what happens to the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle depolarizes later and is slower

52
Q

Occurs when transmission of impulse is delayed or fails along the main left bundle branch or in both left anterior and posterior fascicles is what?

A

Left bundle branch block

53
Q

In left bundle branch block, what happens to the left ventricle?

A

The left ventricle depolarizes slowly by cell-to-cell conduction that spreads from right v to left v

CPPS 302 (14 decks)

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