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CPPS 302 > Class 5 > Flashcards

Class 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What comes first in signaling, electrical or mechanical?

A

Electrical

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2
Q

What are the two main events for a complete cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricular systole (contraction)
  2. Ventricular diastole (relaxation)
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3
Q

What are the two events of ventricular systole?

A

a. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
b. Ventricular ejection

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4
Q

What are the two main events of ventricular ejection?

A

i. Rapid ejection phase
ii. Reduced ejection phase

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5
Q

What are the two main events of ventricular diastole? 

A

a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
b. Ventricular filling

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6
Q

What are the two events of ventricular filling?

A

i. Rapid filling phase
ii. Reduced filling phase

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7
Q

What is the volume of preload?

A

Blood volume in the ventricle during the end diastolic volume

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8
Q

Isovolumic ventricular contraction begin with the close of what?

A

AV valve

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9
Q

What generates the first heart sound?

A

Closing of the AV valve, isovolumetric ventricular contraction

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10
Q

Ventricular ejection begins with the opening of what?

A

Semi lunar valve, AV valves are closed

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11
Q

There is a sharp increase in the ventricular and aortic pressure in what phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular ejection, rapid ejection face

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12
Q

There is a sudden drop of left atrial pressure in what phase and why?

A

Ventricular ejection phase, mitral valve is closed

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13
Q

The rapid ejection phase is followed by what?

A

Reduced ejection phase

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14
Q

The reduced ejection face is associated with which wave?

A

T-wave

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15
Q

Ventricular volume at the end of ejection phase is known as what?

A

End systolic volume

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16
Q

Peak of the left ventricular pressure coincides with what?

A

Arterial systolic pressure

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17
Q

Do you ever expel all of the blood out of your heart?

A

No

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18
Q

Blood volume in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation is known as what?

A

End systolic volume

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19
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation begins with what?

A

Semilunar (aortic) valve closure

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20
Q

When is the second heart sound?

A

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation, aortic valve closure

21
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

22
Q

Ventricular filling begins with what?

A

Opening of the AV valve, semi lunar valves are closed

23
Q

Majority of ventricular passive filling occurs in which phase?

A

Rapid filling phase of ventricular filling

24
Q

Identifies the sequential dynamic changes of pressure and volume within the left ventricle for one complete cardiac cycle describes what?

A

Ventricular pressure and volume loop

25
Q

Ventricular pressure volume loop is generated by what?

A

Plotting the left ventricular pressure against the left ventricular volume

26
Q

What are the four determinants for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate, myocardial contractility, preload, afterload

27
Q

The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricular per beat describes what?

A

Stroke volume

28
Q

Output of the heart per unit time describes what?

A

Cardiac output

29
Q

How can you calculate cardiac output?

A

SV x HR

30
Q

Cardiac output per body surface area describes what?

A

Cardiac index

31
Q

Ejection of blood by the left ventricle is closely associated with two parameters that are

A

Blood pressure and volume in arterial circulation

32
Q

Increased heart rate does what to stroke volume?

A

Decrease

33
Q

Increase in heart rate will do what to cardiac output?

A

Increase but to a limit

34
Q

Three primary parameters that can affect stroke volume

A

I. Preload
II. Afterload
III. Contractibility

35
Q

Afterload in contractility will have an direct effect on ESV or EDV?

A

ESV

36
Q

Anything that affects EDV or ESV will also affect

A

Stroke volume

37
Q

An increase in preload will do what to stroke volume?

A

Increased it

38
Q

Preload is directly related to what?

A

End diastolic ventricular blood volume and intra-myocardial wall stress of ventricle at the end of diastole 

39
Q

Pre-load is indirectly related to what?

A

Ventricular end diastolic pressure

40
Q

Preload is affected by the degree of stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction and therefore related to

A

Sarcomere length

41
Q

Pre-load is mainly determined by what four factors?

A

- Ventricular compliance
- Venous return
- Length tension relationship
- Heart rate to a lesser extent

42
Q

What is defined as a change in volume divided by the change in pressure?

A

Ventricular compliance

43
Q

The stiffer the heart, the higher the

A

Compliance

44
Q

What does high compliance mean?

A

The heart can easily be stretched during diastole, enhance venous return

45
Q

What does low compliance mean?

A

The heart will resist expansion during diastole, stiff

46
Q

When does compliance decrease?

A

When the myocytes reach their elastic limit, changes per person

47
Q

The ventricle becomes less compliant or stiffer with a (higher or lower) ventricular blood volume

A

Higher

48
Q

Decrease compliance leads to (-) preload, and (-) stroke volume

A

Decrease, decrease

49
Q

A decrease in left ventricular compliance will result in a decrease or increase in left ventricular pressure

A

Increase

CPPS 302 (14 decks)

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