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CPPS 302 > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary functions of the muscular system

A
  • equilibrium
  • force
  • work
  • transport
  • heat production
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2
Q

Equilibrium in regards to muscles

A

posture, standing

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3
Q

Force in regards to muscle

A

changes in velocity of muscle shortening

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4
Q

Work in regards to muscle

A

displacement in direction of the force

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5
Q

Transportation in regards to muscle

A

Digestive system and circulation

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6
Q

Heat production in regards to muscle

A

Shivering reflex, maintaining body temperature

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7
Q

Which muscle type has the longest muscle twitch duration?

A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q

Which muscle type has the shortest muscle twitch duration?

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle is attached to (-) by (-)

A

Bone by tendon

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle primary functions:

A

Locomotion and posture/balance

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11
Q

Voluntary controlled muscle:

A

Skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Can skeletal muscle be involuntary/unconcious?

A

Yes, reflexes

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle attached to (-)

A

Blood vessels

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle primary function:

A

Blood circulation, adequate blood volume and pressure

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15
Q

Involuntary controlled muscle types:

A

Cardiac and Smooth

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16
Q

How is the cardiac muscle moderated?

A

ANS and hormones

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17
Q

Smooth muscle attached to (-) and (-)

A

Wall of organs and blood vessels

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18
Q

Primary functions of smooth muscle:

A

Blood pressure, digestion, bladder control, air flow

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19
Q

How is the smooth muscle contraction moderated?

A

ANS and hormones

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20
Q

Which muscle types are uninucleate?

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle cells

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21
Q

Which type of muscle is multinucleate?

A

Skeletal muscle

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22
Q

During embryonic development how are muscle cells developed?

A

Many myoblasts fuse to form one skeletal muscle fiber

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23
Q

Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleate?

A

Many myoblasts fuse together to make one skeletal muscle cell and each myoblast has its own nucleus

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24
Q

Action for both the smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary under the regulation of:

A

Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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25
Q

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and controlled by:

A

Somatic nervous system

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26
Q

Which muscle types have pacemaker activity?

A

Smooth and cardiac

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27
Q

What is a pace-making activity?

A

Ability to generate action potential that can initiate muscle contraction

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28
Q

Skeletal muscle contracts in response to what?

A

To a signal from a somatic motor neuron

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29
Q

What is the one skeletal muscle that the autonomic nervous system can influence?

A

The diaphragm

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30
Q

Pacemaking activities are modulated by what? Can they be initiates from this?

A

Autonomic nervous system, NO

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31
Q

Muscular tissue - 5 special properties

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Contractibility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
  5. Adaptability
32
Q

What is excitability in regards to muscle?

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

33
Q

Smooth and cardiac muscle action potential when excited initiated by

A

Initiated by pacemaker cells

34
Q

Skeletal muscle action potential when excited initiated by

A

Chemical stimulus

35
Q

Where does a chemical stimulus occur in skeletal muscle?

A

Neuromuscular junction where ACh is releases by motor neuron as neurotransmitter

36
Q

What is ACh

A

A neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

37
Q

Where is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Junction between somatic motor neuron and muscle

38
Q

What is contractibility in regards to muscle?

A

Ability of muscular tissues to contract forcefully when stimulated by action potentials

39
Q

What produces tension?

A

Contraction without muscle shortening

40
Q

Greater the change in velocity of muscle fiber, greater the (-)

A

Force of contraction

41
Q

What is the formula for force

A

F=ma

42
Q

Force in regards to muscle produces what?

A

Movement

43
Q

What is extensibility in regards to muscle?

A

Ability of muscular tissues to stretch without being damaged, within limits

44
Q

What is elasticity in regards to muscle?

A

Ability of muscular tissues to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension

45
Q

What is the function of titin?

A

Provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin

46
Q

Titin and nebulin are what?

A

Accessory proteins

47
Q

What is the function of nebulin?

A

Helps to align actin

48
Q

Where is titin found?

A

Spans the distance of from one Z disk to neighboring M line

49
Q

Where is nebulin found?

A

Lies along thin filament, attaches to a Z disk but does not extend to the M line

50
Q

What is adaptability in regards to muscle?

A

Muscular tissues have the ability to undergo hypertrophy or atrophy

51
Q

What produces hypertrophy?

A

Exercise

52
Q

2 types of skeletal muscle types:

A
  • Slow-twitch oxidative fibers (type I)
  • Fast-twitch oxidative/glycolytic fibers (type II)
53
Q

2 types of type II skeletal muscle

A
  • Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative fibers)
  • Type IIb/IIx (fast-twitch glycolytic fibers)
54
Q

Each whole muscle can compose of multiple fiber types but one dominates the others (T/F)

A

True

55
Q

Muscle fibers belonging to one motor unit are of the same muscle type (T/F)

A

True

56
Q

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers are what type?

A

Type I

57
Q

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers ATP break rate/velocity of muscle shortening

A

Relatively slowest

58
Q

Type I muscle fibers use (aerobic/anaerobic) and are (high/low) energy efficiency

A

Aerobic and high

59
Q

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers need:

A

Good oxygen supply

60
Q

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers (-) of myoglobin, mitochondial and oxidative enzyme content, and (-) capillary density

A

abundance, high

61
Q

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers adequate supply of ATP enable what?

A

High endurance and fatigue resistance

62
Q

Fast-twitch oxidative fibers ATP break/velocity of muscle shortening

A

Medium/middle, quicker than type I

63
Q

Type IIa use (aerobic/anaerobic)

A

Aerobic

64
Q

Type IIa need:

A

Good oxygen supply

65
Q

Fast-twitch oxidative fibers (-) of myoglobin, (-) mitochondial and (-) glycogen content, (-) blood capillary content

A

High, higher, more abundant, high

66
Q

Type IIa are fatigue resistant but a (-) in endurance than type I

A

Decrease

67
Q

Reservoir of storage for type IIa

A

Creatine phosphate, excess ATP during rest is used to synthesize creatine phosphate

68
Q

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers ATP break/velocity of muscle shortening

A

Fastest

69
Q

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (aerobic or anaerobic)

A

Anaerobic

70
Q

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (-) in myoglobin, (-) in mitochondria, and (-) glycogen content, (-) blood capillary supply

A

low, low, higher, poor

71
Q

Type IIb are (-) fatigable and (-) in endurance

A

Easily, low

72
Q

To and a contraction, what must be removed from the (-) back to the (-)

A

Ca, cytosol, SR

73
Q

Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase

A

Ending contraction, calcium removed from cytosol back to SR through this

74
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling step 1

A

ACh released from somatic motor neuron

75
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling step 2

A

ACh initiates an action potential in muscle fiber

76
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling step 3

A

Action potential travels along sarcolemma into T-tubules and triggers Ca release from SR

77
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling step 4

A

Ca binds with TnC and initiates muscle contraction

CPPS 302 (14 decks)

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