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CPPS 302 > Class 8 > Flashcards

Class 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of ventricular hyper trophy?

A
  1. Physiological ventricular hyper trophy
  2. Pathological ventricular hyper trophy
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2
Q

When do you see physiological ventricular hyper trophy?

A

And adapt and change to stress, to enhance pumping capacity of the heart

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3
Q

What are the two types of pathological ventricular hyper trophy?

A
  1. Afterload related
  2. Pre-load related
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4
Q

Afterload related ventricular hyper trophy is induced by what?

A

Increase in afterload, ventricle needs to generate a greater pressure chronically to reject blood

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5
Q

After load related ventricular hyper trophy can develop into watch?

A

Concentric hypertrophy

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6
Q

Concentric hypertrophy does what to pressure and compliance?

A

Generates a greater force and pressure but a decrease in compliance

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7
Q

Concentric paper trophy can lead to what happening to stroke volume and ESP? What does this result in?

A

Decreased SV, elevation of ESP, eventually diastolic disfunction and heart failure

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8
Q

Pre-load related ventricular hyper trophy does what to the heart?

A

Increase in ventricular heart stress, caused by volume overload

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9
Q

Volume overload in preload related hypertrophy causes what?

A

A dilated ventricle, inside radius of the ventricular chamber increases

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10
Q

A dilated ventricle generates what type of heart?

A

A hypertrophic heart, eccentric hyper trophy

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11
Q

Eccentric hyper trophy is often associated with what?

A

Systolic dysfunction, huge increase in LVESV & LVEDV

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12
Q

What are the two basic cardiac pacemaker’s?

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. Atrioventricular
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13
Q

Which pacemaker is the native pacemaker?

A

SA node

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14
Q

Which pacemaker is the latent pacemaker?

A

AV node

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15
Q

Does membrane potential of the pacemaker cell remain constant at resting state after repolarization?

A

No

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16
Q

What is the term referring to the combination of both the automaticity and rhythmicity properties?

A

Autorhythmicity

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17
Q

What is referred to the ability of a cell to initiate its own pace making activity?

A

Automaticity

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18
Q

What is referred to the ability of a cell to maintain the regularity of peacemaking activity?

A

Rhythmicity

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19
Q

Autorhythmicity can be modulated by what?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • Hormonal system
20
Q

Three variables that can influence cardiac rhythmicity 

A
  1. Rate of diastolic depolarization
  2. Maximum diastolic potential
  3. Threshold potential
21
Q

What increases the rate of diastolic depolarization by increasing sodium and calcium influx?

A

Norepinephrine

22
Q

Maximum diastolic potential induces hyper polarization by what?

A

By increasing potassium efflux 

23
Q

Lowest conduction velocity ensures what?

A

Adequate ventricular filling

24
Q

Highest conduction velocity ensures what?

A

Fast and coordinated ventricular contraction

25
Q

What connects the SA node to the left atrium?

A

Bachmans bundle

26
Q

What are the three internatal tracks?

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior

27
Q

What are the three regions of the AV node?

A
  • Atrionodal
  • nodal
  • nodal-his
28
Q

What regions are the principal delay between atrial and ventricular contraction in the AV node?

A

Atrionodal and nodal

29
Q

Why is there a delay between atrial and ventricular contraction?

A

To ensure adequate filling and limit frequency of impulses passing through AV node

30
Q

What are the three main sections from AV node to ventricular contractile myocytes?

A
  1. Atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His
  2. Bundle branches
  3. Purkinje fibres
31
Q

Where is the atrioventricle bundle?

A

Below AV node, passes through fibrous ring that separates atria and ventricles, reaches interventricular septum and forms two branches

32
Q

Bundle branches are divided into right and left, what are they in?

A

Right bundle branch in right ventricle and left bundle branch in the left ventricle

33
Q

Which bundle branch is considerably longer and thinner?

A

Right bundle branch

34
Q

Inferior terminal branches of the bundle branches describe what?

A

Purkinje fibres

35
Q

Purkinje fibres resemble what?

A

Cardiac myocytes

36
Q

Intercollated discs that are well developed and contain numerous gap junctions can describe what?

A

Purkinje fibres

37
Q

What has the fastest rate of conduction at any tissues within the heart?

A

Purkinje fibres

38
Q

What are three possible accessory tracks that are not usually found in a normal individual?

A
  1. James fibres
  2. Mahaim fibres
  3. Bundle of Kent 
39
Q

James fibres impulse bypasses AV node and can induce what?

A

Ventricular pre-excitation (Lang-Ganong-Levine Syndrome)

40
Q

Fibres from atrial internodal tracks that pass around AV node and enter the interventricular septum describe what?

A

James fibres

41
Q

James fibres bypass the AV delay and can result in the onset of what?

A

Supraventricular peroxisomal tachycardia

42
Q

Any direct connections between AV node, bundle of His, or bundle branches into the interventricular septum describe what?

A

Mahaim fibres

43
Q

Mahaim Fibres can give rise to what?

A

Ventricular pre-excitation

44
Q

A muscular bundle for me a direct connection between atrial and ventricular myocardium describe what?

A

Bundle of Kent

45
Q

Bundle of Kent is capable of doing what?

A

Giving rise to supra ventricular peroxisomal tachycardia‘s and atrial fibrillation

46
Q

Bundle of Kent can give rise to the pre-excitation of the ventricle, a condition that is known as what?

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

CPPS 302 (14 decks)

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