Class 22 - developmental disorders Flashcards
What were some problems with the old learning disability identification model?
Learning disability was correlated with low IQ
What is the newest approach to identifying learning disabilities?
Response to intervention (RTI)
What is phonological reading?
Sounding out words to read
What is orthographic (graphemic) reading?
Word is memorized as one unit
What is phonological deficiency?
Cannot understand the relationship between sounds and symbols. Impairments with sound awareness
What is attentional deficiency?
Attention cannot be easily shifted
What is the rapid processing hypothesis?
Dyslexics cannot process rapidly changing sounds.
What is the major cause of reading disability?
Lack of phonological awareness (phonological deficiency) but have multiple causes
What is the Geschwind-Galaburde Theory of learning disability?
Testosterone allows for greater asymmetry in the planum temporale and increases autoimmune disorders. Autopsies of learning disabled showed abnormalities in the planum temporale.
What is maturational lag?
If one brain function lags behind, then subsequent development will be delayed
What are some general developmental theories?
there are 4
Abnormal cerebral lateralization, maturational lag, environmental deprivation, genetic influences
What is the genetic influence theory of developmental disability? What is its weakness?
Academic skills and learning disabilities is highly heritable. Its weakness is that it doesn’t take environmental influences into account
What are some non-language learning disabilities?
ADHD, math disorders, autism
What are some of the causes of ADHD?
Brain damage, genetics, environmental, lead, food allergies
How do brain networks behave in kids with ADHD?
The networks lag
What are some treatments for ADHD? What is the most effective?
Structured environment, behavioural therapy, drugs, dietary changes. Best treatment is combination of drugs and behavioural therapy
What are the two key deficits in mathematical disabilities?
Procedural deficits (procedural errors) and retrieval deficits (fewer math facts retrieved from memory)
What is anarithmetria?
Difficulty with fact retrieval and execution of arithmetic operations
What are the three types of distinct mathamtical disorders?
Fact-retrieval deficits, procedural deficits, visual-spatial deficits
What are the three key characteristics of autism spectrum disorders?
Impaired social interaction, bizarre and narrow interests, language and communication abnormabilities
What are some of the brain abnormalities associated with autism?
Larger head, brain steam, cerebellar and connectivity abnormabilities. Cerebellum injury plays a big role
What is cerebral palsy?
A permanent motor problem associated with a specific brain lesion
What is hydrocephalus?
Increased volume of CSF (due to obstruction of CSF flow, over production of CSF, shrinking of brain tissue around ventricles)
Wha is fragile X syndrome?
X linked recessive disorder due to CGG repeats characteried by facial abnormailities, mental retardation and ADHD
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Mental retardation, facial abnormalities, brain abnormalities. Alcohol related when pregnant
