Class 22 - developmental disorders

Question 1

What were some problems with the old learning disability identification model?

Answer 1

Learning disability was correlated with low IQ

Question 2

What is the newest approach to identifying learning disabilities?

Answer 2

Response to intervention (RTI)

Question 3

What is phonological reading?

Answer 3

Sounding out words to read

Question 4

What is orthographic (graphemic) reading?

Answer 4

Word is memorized as one unit

Question 5

What is phonological deficiency?

Answer 5

Cannot understand the relationship between sounds and symbols. Impairments with sound awareness

Question 6

What is attentional deficiency?

Answer 6

Attention cannot be easily shifted

Question 7

What is the rapid processing hypothesis?

Answer 7

Dyslexics cannot process rapidly changing sounds.

Question 8

What is the major cause of reading disability?

Answer 8

Lack of phonological awareness (phonological deficiency) but have multiple causes

Question 9

What is the Geschwind-Galaburde Theory of learning disability?

Answer 9

Testosterone allows for greater asymmetry in the planum temporale and increases autoimmune disorders. Autopsies of learning disabled showed abnormalities in the planum temporale.

Question 10

What is maturational lag?

Answer 10

If one brain function lags behind, then subsequent development will be delayed

Question 11

What are some general developmental theories?

there are 4

Answer 11

Abnormal cerebral lateralization, maturational lag, environmental deprivation, genetic influences

Question 12

What is the genetic influence theory of developmental disability? What is its weakness?

Answer 12

Academic skills and learning disabilities is highly heritable. Its weakness is that it doesn’t take environmental influences into account

Question 13

What are some non-language learning disabilities?

Answer 13

ADHD, math disorders, autism

Question 14

What are some of the causes of ADHD?

Answer 14

Brain damage, genetics, environmental, lead, food allergies

Question 15

How do brain networks behave in kids with ADHD?

Answer 15

The networks lag

Question 16

What are some treatments for ADHD? What is the most effective?

Answer 16

Structured environment, behavioural therapy, drugs, dietary changes. Best treatment is combination of drugs and behavioural therapy

Question 17

What are the two key deficits in mathematical disabilities?

Answer 17

Procedural deficits (procedural errors) and retrieval deficits (fewer math facts retrieved from memory)

Question 18

What is anarithmetria?

Answer 18

Difficulty with fact retrieval and execution of arithmetic operations

Question 19

What are the three types of distinct mathamtical disorders?

Answer 19

Fact-retrieval deficits, procedural deficits, visual-spatial deficits

Question 20

What are the three key characteristics of autism spectrum disorders?

Answer 20

Impaired social interaction, bizarre and narrow interests, language and communication abnormabilities

Question 21

What are some of the brain abnormalities associated with autism?

Answer 21

Larger head, brain steam, cerebellar and connectivity abnormabilities. Cerebellum injury plays a big role

Question 22

What is cerebral palsy?

Answer 22

A permanent motor problem associated with a specific brain lesion

Question 23

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 23

Increased volume of CSF (due to obstruction of CSF flow, over production of CSF, shrinking of brain tissue around ventricles)

Question 24

Wha is fragile X syndrome?

Answer 24

X linked recessive disorder due to CGG repeats characteried by facial abnormailities, mental retardation and ADHD

Question 25

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 25

Mental retardation, facial abnormalities, brain abnormalities. Alcohol related when pregnant