Class 13 - Memory Flashcards
Where did HM have missing parts of his brain?
Bilateral temporal lobes
What type of amnesia did HM have?
Anterograde amnesia (long term memory after the injury)
What type of learning was left intact in HM?
Intact procedural learning
What are the two types of long term memory?
Declarative (explicit, you can declare it) and nondeclarative (implicit)
What are the two types of declarative (explicit) memory?
Episodic (events) and semantic (facts) memory
Procedural memory, perceptual priming, classical conditioning, nonassociative learning (habituation/sensitization) are what type of memory?
Nondeclarative memory
What is semantic memory?
Facts and knowledge
What is consolidation theory?
Hippocampus consolidates all memories then stores them elsewhere. Damage makes you lose old memories
What theory accounts for episodic memory remaining dependant on the hippocampus and semantic memory becoming independent gradually?
Multiple-trace theory
What is reconsolidation theory?
When you recall a memory, it becomes labile and then you restore it as a new memory
What is dual-process theory?
The hippocampus is crucial only for episodic memory.
Semantic memories are independent of the hippocampus
What connects the posterior neocortex to the hippocampus?
Perforant pathway
What connects the hippocampus to the thalamus, frontal cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus
Fimbria - fornix pathway
What does damage to the fimbria - fornix pathway and temporal stem do?
Antero and retrograde amnesia
What conclusions do studies of hippocampal damage suggest?
Anterograde deficits are more severe, episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories, patients cannot “time travel” to the past or future
What does the rhinal cortex include? Where does it project to?
Entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. It projects to the hippocampus
Why is the perirhinal cortex so crucial at memory?
Connected to visual, sensory, auditory, executive, emotion and memory/learning areas of the brain
What side of the temporal cortex, when removed leads to deficits in face recognition, spatial position and maze learning
Right temporal cortex
What side of the temporal cortex, when removed, leads to deficits in word list recall, recall of consonant trigrams and non-spatial associations?
Left temporal cortex
What is priming?
Stimulus sensitizes brain to later presentation of same stimulus.
What is a test for priming?
The Gollin Incomplete Figures Test
What is the study test modality shift?
Less likely to see an implicit memory effect when the priming subject is changed
What is involved in habit and procedural learning?
Basal ganglia
What cortex (motor or sensory) is part of implicit knowledge acquisition?
Motor cortex
What plays a role in classical conditioning?
Cerebellum
Which memory is present at birth (implicit or explicit)?
Implicit memory
What could be causing “infatile amnesia”?
Lack of language development to label things
What impairments does early hippocampal memory usually cause (episodic or semantic or both)?
Episodic memory impairments. Semantic and implicit memory is intact
How does working and short term memory differ?
Working memory makes you do something with the information rather than to just repeat the information in short term memory
Are injuries to parietal and occipital cortices causing prosopagnosia and color amnesia actually amnesia?
Not really
What is hemispheric encoding retrieval asymmetry ( HERA)
Left prefrontal cortex encodes semantic memory, right prefrontal cortex retrieves episodic memory
What cortex is in charge of retrieval and prospective memory?
Frontal cortex
What is the partial or total loss of explicit memory?
amnesia
What is transient global amnesia?
Sudden onset and loss of old and new memories
How can you make a transient, reversible amnesia (it is also a depression treatment)
Electroconvulsive therapy
What is infantile amnesia?
Loss of memory for the early years of life
How do you make specific amnesias?
Have restricted brain damage
What is anterograde amnesia? Retrograde amnesia?
Cant remember new memories, cant remember old memories respectively
Where does herpes simplex encephalitis damage?
Medial temporal lobe (anterograde amnesia) and insula (retrograde amnesia)
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome characterized by?
Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, lies, lack of insight, apathy
What vitamin deficiency is Korsakoff’s caused by?
Thiamine (vitamin B 1) deficiency
Where is the damage in Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Medial thalamus, mammillary bodies and general atrophy
