Class 13 - Memory

Question 1

Where did HM have missing parts of his brain?

Answer 1

Bilateral temporal lobes

Question 2

What type of amnesia did HM have?

Answer 2

Anterograde amnesia (long term memory after the injury)

Question 3

What type of learning was left intact in HM?

Answer 3

Intact procedural learning

Question 4

What are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 4

Declarative (explicit, you can declare it) and nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 5

What are the two types of declarative (explicit) memory?

Answer 5

Episodic (events) and semantic (facts) memory

Question 6

Procedural memory, perceptual priming, classical conditioning, nonassociative learning (habituation/sensitization) are what type of memory?

Answer 6

Nondeclarative memory

Question 7

What is semantic memory?

Answer 7

Facts and knowledge

Question 8

What is consolidation theory?

Answer 8

Hippocampus consolidates all memories then stores them elsewhere. Damage makes you lose old memories

Question 9

What theory accounts for episodic memory remaining dependant on the hippocampus and semantic memory becoming independent gradually?

Answer 9

Multiple-trace theory

Question 10

What is reconsolidation theory?

Answer 10

When you recall a memory, it becomes labile and then you restore it as a new memory

Question 11

What is dual-process theory?

Answer 11

The hippocampus is crucial only for episodic memory.

Semantic memories are independent of the hippocampus

Question 12

What connects the posterior neocortex to the hippocampus?

Answer 12

Perforant pathway

Question 13

What connects the hippocampus to the thalamus, frontal cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus

Answer 13

Fimbria - fornix pathway

Question 14

What does damage to the fimbria - fornix pathway and temporal stem do?

Answer 14

Antero and retrograde amnesia

Question 15

What conclusions do studies of hippocampal damage suggest?

Answer 15

Anterograde deficits are more severe, episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories, patients cannot “time travel” to the past or future

Question 16

What does the rhinal cortex include? Where does it project to?

Answer 16

Entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. It projects to the hippocampus

Question 17

Why is the perirhinal cortex so crucial at memory?

Answer 17

Connected to visual, sensory, auditory, executive, emotion and memory/learning areas of the brain

Question 18

What side of the temporal cortex, when removed leads to deficits in face recognition, spatial position and maze learning

Answer 18

Right temporal cortex

Question 19

What side of the temporal cortex, when removed, leads to deficits in word list recall, recall of consonant trigrams and non-spatial associations?

Answer 19

Left temporal cortex

Question 20

What is priming?

Answer 20

Stimulus sensitizes brain to later presentation of same stimulus.

Question 21

What is a test for priming?

Answer 21

The Gollin Incomplete Figures Test

Question 22

What is the study test modality shift?

Answer 22

Less likely to see an implicit memory effect when the priming subject is changed

Question 23

What is involved in habit and procedural learning?

Answer 23

Basal ganglia

Question 24

What cortex (motor or sensory) is part of implicit knowledge acquisition?

Answer 24

Motor cortex

Question 25

What plays a role in classical conditioning?

Answer 25

Cerebellum

Question 26

Which memory is present at birth (implicit or explicit)?

Answer 26

Implicit memory

Question 27

What could be causing “infatile amnesia”?

Answer 27

Lack of language development to label things

Question 28

What impairments does early hippocampal memory usually cause (episodic or semantic or both)?

Answer 28

Episodic memory impairments. Semantic and implicit memory is intact

Question 29

How does working and short term memory differ?

Answer 29

Working memory makes you do something with the information rather than to just repeat the information in short term memory

Question 30

Are injuries to parietal and occipital cortices causing prosopagnosia and color amnesia actually amnesia?

Answer 30

Not really

Question 31

What is hemispheric encoding retrieval asymmetry ( HERA)

Answer 31

Left prefrontal cortex encodes semantic memory, right prefrontal cortex retrieves episodic memory

Question 32

What cortex is in charge of retrieval and prospective memory?

Answer 32

Frontal cortex

Question 33

What is the partial or total loss of explicit memory?

Answer 33

amnesia

Question 34

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 34

Sudden onset and loss of old and new memories

Question 35

How can you make a transient, reversible amnesia (it is also a depression treatment)

Answer 35

Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 36

What is infantile amnesia?

Answer 36

Loss of memory for the early years of life

Question 37

How do you make specific amnesias?

Answer 37

Have restricted brain damage

Question 38

What is anterograde amnesia? Retrograde amnesia?

Answer 38

Cant remember new memories, cant remember old memories respectively

Question 39

Where does herpes simplex encephalitis damage?

Answer 39

Medial temporal lobe (anterograde amnesia) and insula (retrograde amnesia)

Question 40

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome characterized by?

Answer 40

Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, lies, lack of insight, apathy

Question 41

What vitamin deficiency is Korsakoff’s caused by?

Answer 41

Thiamine (vitamin B 1) deficiency

Question 42

Where is the damage in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 42

Medial thalamus, mammillary bodies and general atrophy