Circulatory System

Question 1

What is Ciprofloxicin commonly used to treat?

What class of medicine does it fall into?

Answer 1

• Bacterial conditions such as pneumonia and UTI’s.
• It is a fluoroquinolone.

“flu-O-row-QUIN-olone”

Question 2

What is Carbamazepine?

What is commonly used for?

What is another name for Carbamazepine?

Answer 2

Carbamazepine, is an anticonvulsant drug and analgesic drug.

• Used to control seizures and to treat pain resulting from trigeminal neuralgia.
• Tegretol

Question 3

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are commonly used to treat what?

TZDs are also known as what?

Answer 3

• T2DM.
• Glitazones

Question 4

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 4

A chronic pain condition affecting the trigeminal nerve in the face.

Characterized by sudden episodes of intense shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock.

Question 5

What is the difference between alveoli and capillaries?

Answer 5

ALVEOLI are the tiny air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

CAPILLARIES are blood vessels in the walls of the alveoli.

Question 6

The thing at the end of each bronchiole.

And wrapped around this thing.

Answer 6

A cluster of little air sacs, kind of shaped like cauliflower, called alveoli.

Alveoli are wrapped in tiny blood vessels called capilliaries.

Question 7

Describe the features of the lungs that make gas exchange efficient.

(5 features)

Answer 7

1. Large surface area.
2. Very thin.
3. Moist lining.
4. Good supply of blood.
5. Good ventilation.

Question 8

When it comes to gas exchange, why is the shape of the alveoli important?

Answer 8

The cauliflower shape results in a large overall surface area for gas exchange.
Plus, the shear number of alveoli (millions).
Lots and lots of air sacs = large overall area.

Question 9

When talking about gas exchange surface in the lungs, what feature provides the short diffusion pathway?

Answer 9

The exchange surface area is really thin.
The lining, or membrane wall of the alveoli, where exchange occurs is only one cell thick.

Question 10

Define “diffusion” as it pertains to the respiratory process.

Answer 10

A process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

Question 11

Describe what happens during diffusion.

Answer 11

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood via the capillaries.

And, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

Question 12

Five types of blood vessels.

Answer 12

1. Arteries,
2. Arteriols,
3. Capillaries,
4. Venules,
5. Veins.

Question 13

Outside of the lungs, capillaries are most abundant in metabolically active organs.

Answer 13

• Liver,
• Brain,
• Heart and,
• Kidneys.

These organs convert nutrients to energy at a faster rate than other tissues.

Question 14

An interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ.

Answer 14

Capillary bed.

Question 15

Arteries and veins transport blood in two distinct circuits.

Answer 15

1. The systemic circuit,
2. The pulmonary circuit.

Question 16

Structure and function of blood vessels.

Describe the most basic function of the pulmonary circuit.

Answer 16

1. The pulmonary circuit moves blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.

Question 17

Structure and function of blood vessels.

Describe the most basic function of the systemic circuit.

Answer 17

The systemic circuit moves blood from the left side of the heart to the head and body and returns it to the right side of the heart to repeat the cycle.

Question 18

Define Hydrostatic Pressure.

Answer 18

Hydrostatic pressure in the intravascular space (Pc) is the principle force driving O2, water, electrolytes and nutrients out of the capillary into the interstitial space.

Question 19

Define Osmotic Pressure.

Answer 19

Osmotic pressure is force exerted by proteins (especially albumin) in blood plasma that tends to pull water back into the capillaries and circulatory system.

Question 20

Define Oncotic Pressure.

Answer 20

Oncotic pressure is the pressure created by the presence of proteins, such as albumin, in the blood plasma.

Question 21

The terms Osmotic and Oncotic Pressure are sometimes used interchangeably.
Explain.

Answer 21

Osmotic refers to the pulling of water.

Oncotic refers to protein.

Both have to do with fluid being drawn from the interstitial space into the capillary bed.

Question 22

How is Hydrostatic Pressure different from Osmotic/Oncotic Pressure?

Answer 22

Where hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic/oncotic pressure tends to draw fluid back in.

Question 23

Which things are too big to be pushed through the capillary walls by hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 23

• White blood cells,
• Red blood cells,
• Proteins,
• Platelets.

Question 24

In simple terms, what is interstitial space/interstitial fluid?

Answer 24

It is the layer between our cells and our circulatory system.

Question 25

What is the purpose of interstitial fluid?

Meaning?

Answer 25

It serves as a conduit between the capillary and tissue.

Nutrients go from the capillaries through the interstitial fluid to the tissues.

Waste goes from the tissues through the interstitial fluid to the capillaries.