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NEPT > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by controlling the levels of potassium and sodium in your blood.

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2
Q

What is Hyperaldosteronism?

A

Hyperaldosteronism is a condition in which one or both of your adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone.

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3
Q

Two of the most common symptoms of Hyperaldosteronism are what?

A
  1. Hypertension (especially medication resistant HTN)
  2. Hypokalaemia (low potassium levels)
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4
Q

What is Spironolactone?

What class of medicine does it fall into?

A

It is a potassium sparing diuretic.

Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist.

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5
Q

Spironolactone is indicated to treat several conditions including?

A
  • Hyperaldosteronism
  • Hypertension
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Heart failure
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6
Q

What is heart failure?

A

It is a chronic progressive condition characterized by a weakened heart that is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s energy needs.

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7
Q

In early-stage heart failure, as damage to the heart progresses, what happens?

A

Fluid builds up in the feet, arms, lungs, and other organs.

This is referred to as congestion.

Thus, we get CHF (Congestive Heart Failure).

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8
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of HF and CHF?

A
  1. SOB/Sycope,
  2. Weakness + fatigue,
  3. Odaema,
  4. Pain (chest)
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9
Q

List some risk factors for HF and CHF.

A
  1. CAD
  2. HTN and Hyperthyroidism
  3. Obesity
  4. PHx of heart attack
  5. Diabetes
  6. Valvular Heart Disease
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10
Q

What is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?

A

CVD is an umbrella term given to a range of conditions that impact the heart or blood vessels.

Has to do with/related to abnormal functioning of the heart.

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11
Q

What is the difference between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and heart disease?

A

All heart diseases are classed as cardiovascular disease.

NOT all cardiovascular diseases are heart conditions. eg. Stroke, Kidney disease, Diabetes.

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12
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the umbrella term. In what order do the following fall under CVD?:

  • ACS,
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD),
  • Heart Disease.
A
  1. CVD,
  2. Heart Disease,
  3. ACS,
  4. CHD.
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13
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The most common cause of Heart Disease.

The narrowing and hardening of the arteries of the heart.

Characterised by the build-up of plaque inside the arteries.

Two types of plaque 1. STABLE and 2. UNSTABLE.

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14
Q

Explain the relationship/link between these terms:

  1. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD),
  2. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD),
  3. Ischaemic Heart Disease.
A

In Australia, depending on who you talk to, these terms will be used interchangeably.

They all have to do with reduction of blood flow to the heart as a result of atherosclerosis.

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15
Q

Stable Angina Vs Unstable Angina

Occurrence,
Period length,
Chest pain,
Pathology,
Predictability.

A

Stable Angina
Occurrence = physical exert or emot stress.
Period length = Appear for > 1mth.
Chest pain = 2-5mins,
Path = Ischaemia due to stenosis (narrowing) of coronary artery,
Predictability = Predictable.

Unstable Angina
Occurrence = Little or no provocation/at rest,
Period length = Have started recently,
Chest pain = > 10mins,
Path = Ischaemia due to dynamic obstruction of coronary arteries resulting from plaque rupture,
Predictability = Not predictable

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16
Q

Common symptoms of ACS and Angina

A

SOB/Sweating
Nausea + vomiting,
Anxiety
Pain/Pallor/Palpitations

17
Q

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Vs
Non St Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

(STEMI Vs NSTEMI)

A

NSTEMI
Non-occlusive thrombus,
Blood flow partially blocked or
blockage lasts short time.

STEMI
Complete thrombus occlusion,
Blockage lasts long enough to compromise myocardial function and leads to myocardial necrosis.

18
Q

Occlusion/Occluding

A

Obstruction or blockage

19
Q

Thrombus Vs Embolus

  1. Definition,
  2. Formation,
  3. Movement,
  4. Common locations
  5. Symptoms.
A

Thrombus
1. Blood clot in a vessel,
2. Forms locally in a vessel,
3. Stationary at formation site,
4. Arteries or veins (eg. DVT),
5. Pain, swelling, redness.

Embolus
1. Travelling particle causing blockage,
2. Originates from thrombus or other mat,
3. Travels through bloodstream,
4. Lungs (PE), Brain (stroke),
5. SOB and chest pain.

20
Q

What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

A

A spectrum of conditions resulting from THROMBUS FORMATION in the CORONARY ARTERIES following RUPTURE of an ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE.

This spectrum includes:
1. Unstable angina,
2. NSTEMI,
3. STEMI.

NEPT (15 decks)

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