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PARASITOLOGY > CILIATA AND MASTIGOPHORA > Flashcards

CILIATA AND MASTIGOPHORA Flashcards

1
Q

Only ciliate protozoan than infects humans

A

Balantidium coli

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2
Q

Largest protozoan parasite of human

A

Balantidium coli

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3
Q

Balantidium coli. Phylum ___, Family ____

A

Phylum Ciliophora, Family Balantididae

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4
Q

Balantidium coli. Trophozoite
Size: __ in length

A

30-150 um

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5
Q

Balantidium coli. Trophozoite
Size: __ in width

A

25-120 um in width

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6
Q

Motility: Rolling ball or thrown-ball

A

Balantidium coli

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7
Q

Size:40-60 um in diameter, spherical to oval and round in shape, refractile and is double walled

A

Balantidium coli Cyst

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8
Q

Balantidium coli. Its trophozoite are capable of attacking the intestinal epithelium and creating characteristic ulcer ____ and ___

A

a rounded base and wide neck

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9
Q
  • production of hyaluronidase
A

Lectin necrosis

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10
Q

causes bloody diarrhea and is categorized as a tissue invader immunocompromised individuals are at risk, especially those with HIV

A

Balantidium coli

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11
Q

the disease of this parasite (Balantidium coli) which has three forms of clinical manifestation.

A

Balantidiasis

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12
Q

three forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis.

A
  1. Asymptomatic carriers
  2. Fulminant balantidiasis, or balantidial dysentery
  3. Chronic form
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13
Q

forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis. those who do not present with diarrhea or dysentery, but may serve as parasite reservoir in the community.

A

Asymptomatic carriers

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14
Q

forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis. involves diarrhea with bloody and mucoid stools, which is sometimes indistinguishable from amebic dysentery. often associated with immunocompromised and malnourished states

A

Fulminant balantidiasis, or balantidial dysentery

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15
Q

Fulminant balantidiasis, or balantidial dysentery. Acute cases may have ___ to ___ episodes of diarrhea per day accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting

A

6 to 15 episodes of diarrhea per day

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16
Q

forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis. whereindiarrhea may alternate with constipation, and maybe accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramping, anemia, and cachexia.

A

chronic form

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17
Q

Balantidium coli. Extraintestinal infection. Could spread in ?

A

mesenteric nodes, appendix, liver, genitourinary sites, pleura, and lungs

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18
Q

Complications of balantidiasis include intestinal perforation and ____

A

acute appendicitis.

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19
Q

Cases of mortality related to balantidiasis were reported to be associated with

A

intestinal hemorrhage and shock, intestinal perforation,

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20
Q

Balantidium coli. Cysts and trophozoites can be seen in formed and watery stool direct examination or concentration (___ or ___) techniques

A

sedimentation or flotation

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21
Q

Balantidium coli. Its life cycle is pass through how many host only

A

one

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22
Q

Balantidium coli. Natural host:

A

Pig

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23
Q

Balantidium coli. Accidental host:

A

Man

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24
Q

Balantidium coli. Reservoirs host:

A

Pig, monkey, and rat.

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25
Balantidium coli. Infective form:
Cyst
26
Balantidium coli. Mode of transmission:
Ingestion of mature cyst
27
Balantidium coli. Prevention and control
Use of pig feces as fertilizer should also be avoided.
28
Balantidium coli. Cyst are resistant to environmental conditions and may survive for long periods, but they can be inactivated by heat and by ___
1% NaOH
29
Balantidium coli. Treatment. 500 mg or 40 mg/kg/dose divided in four doses for 10 days.
Tetracycline
30
Balantidium coli. Treatment. s contraindicated in children less than eight years of age and in pregnant women.
Tetracycline
31
Balantidium coli. Treatment. 750 mg three times daily, or 35 to 50 mg/kg body weight/ day in three divided doses may be given for 5 day
Metronidazole
32
Balantidium coli. Treatment. may also be given at 650 mg, or 40 mg/kg/dose, divided in three doses for 20 day
Doquinol
33
Balantidium coli. Treatment. Other alternative treatments for balantidiasis include
doxycycline and nitazoxanide.
34
Gardia lamblia is initially known as
Cercomonas intestinalis
35
Gardia lamblia discovered in 1859 by French scientist
Dr. F. Lamb
36
Also known as Gardia intestinalis,
Gardia lamblia
37
Gardia lamblia. Trophozoite Size: ___ long by ___ wide.
9 to 12 µm long by 5 to l5 µm wide
38
Shape: Teardrop or pyriform, pointed posteriorly with pair of ovoidal nuclei one on each side of the midline
Gardia lamblia
39
Motility: The parasite is propelled into an erratic tumbling motion or falling leak-like motility
Gardia lamblia.
40
Nuclei: It is also tagged as the “old man with eyeglasses” and “monkey-faced"
Gardia lamblia
41
Gardia lamblia. Flagella: 4 lateral pairs (2 ____, 2 ____)
2 ventral, 2 dorsal)
42
Gardia lamblia. Cyst Size: ____ long by ____ wide.
8 to 12 µm long by 7 to 10 µm wide.
43
Gardia lamblia. Cyst. Nuclei: Premature: __ nuclei. Mature: _ nuclei
Premature: 2 nuclei. Mature: 4 nuclei
44
Gardia lamblia. Cyst. Wall: It has cyst wall proteins made up of
beta1-3N-acetylgalactosamine polymers
45
Agent of Gay bowel syndrome
Gardia lamblia
46
Gardia lamblia. Causes failure of ____ syndrome
thrive syndrome
47
Gardia lamblia. Causes variety of gastrointestinal symptom, _____
Malabsorption steatorrhea
48
Gardia lamblia. Stool produces odor of ____ and ___
rotten eggs flatus and frothy pale
49
Gardia lamblia. Stool produces odor of rotten eggs flatus and frothy pale due to ?
malabsorption of dissacharides, water, glucose and sodium
50
_____ of giardia play an important role in virulence and infectivity of the parasite
Variant specific surface proteins (VSSP)
51
Occasionally, Giardia may colonize the gall bladder, causing __ and __
biliary colic and jaundice.
52
Gardia lamblia. Flagellate lives in the ___, ___, and ___ of humans
duodenum, jejunum, and upper ileum
53
Giardia passes its life cycle in how many host.
1
54
Gardia lamblia. Infective form:
Mature cyst.
55
Gardia lamblia. Diagnostic stage:
cyst and trophozoite
56
Gardia lamblia. Mode of transmission:
ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food
57
Gardia lamblia. Mode of transmission: Direct person to person transmission may also occur in
children, male homosexuals, and mentally ill persons.
58
Gardia lamblia. Reservoir host
beavers, muskrats, and water voles, domestic sheep, cattle, and dogs
59
Gardia lamblia. Diagnosis
Gay bowel syndrome Leningrad’s curse (Traveler’s diarrhea) Backpackers diarrhea Beaver fever
60
Gardia lamblia. Treatment. 250 mg three times a day for 5 to 7 day.
Metronidazole
61
Gardia lamblia. Treatment. Metronidazole pediatric dose:
15 mg/kg/day in three divided doses
62
Gardia lamblia. Treatment. is usually well tolerated in adults and has a cure rate of 90%.
Metronidazole
63
Gardia lamblia. Treatment. (single dose of 2 g for adults; 50 mg/kg in children)
tinidazole
64
Gardia lamblia. Treatment. 100 mg four times daily for 10 days for adults; 6 mg/kg/day in four divided doses for 7 to 10 days
Furazolidone
65
Gardia lamblia. Treatment. an alternative at 400 mg/day for 5 days in adults and 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days in children
Albendazole
66
Discovered by Jepps and Dobell
Dientamoeba fragilis
67
Dientamoeba fragilis. Trophozoite Size: ___ in length
7-12 um
68
Motility: Progressive and usually disintegrate upon excretion of hosts
Dientamoeba fragilis
69
Dientamoeba fragilis. Trophozoite. __% of the trophozoites are binucleated with fragmented karyosome and discrete chromatin granules
80%
70
Dientamoeba fragilis. Trophozoite. __% are mononucleated and may seem to appear like Endolimax nana
20%
71
can be pleomorphic (racket-shaped, pointed at one end, elongated)
Dientamoeba fragilis
72
It never invades tissues, only in the crypts of the large intestine as it multiplies by binary fission
Dientamoeba fragilis
73
Estimated that most people with D. fragilis are in ____ state.
asymptomatic
74
Some px experience diarrhea alternating constipation, low grade eosinophilia and pruritus.
Dientamoeba fragilis. Symptomatic
75
marker for pathogenicity of Dientamoeba and can possibly support this function as it can promote neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory consequences.
Fecal calprotectin
76
D. fragilis was previously considered as an amoeba but has now been reclassified as an ___
amoeboflagellat
77
The complete life cycle of D. fragilis is not well understood. D. fragilis resides in the ____ of the large intestine
mucosal crypts
78
Dientamoeba fragilis. MOT:
direct fecal-oral route and coinfection with Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides
79
Dientamoeba fragilis. Infective stage:
Trophozoite
80
Dientamoeba fragilis. Fixation: fixation of the fresh specimen with
polyvinyl alcohol fixative or Schaudinn’s fixative
81
Dientamoeba fragilis. Diagnosis. Gold standard: Microscopic diagnosis using permanently stained smears ( ___ )
(iron hematoxylin. Giemsa and Field's)
82
Dientamoeba fragilis. Fecal concentration methods can ___ the trophozoites
destroy
83
Dientamoeba fragilis. Antigen detection:
ELISA and Immunofluorescence
84
Dientamoeba fragilis. Antibody detection:
Indirect immunofluorescence
85
Dientamoeba fragilis. Prevention and control
Maintaining personal and public sanitary conditions and avoidance of unprotected homosexual practices will at least help minimize the spread of D. fragilis infections
86
Dientamoeba fragilis. Treatment. 650 mg, 3x dily for 20 days (adult), 40 mg/kg/day 3x daily for 20 days
Iodoquinol
87
Dientamoeba fragilis. Treatment. ____, ____ also been found to be effective
Tetracycline, Metronidazole
88
Chilomastix mesnili. Discovered by
Richard Wenyon
89
Commensal organism, normally found in soil, fomites and water. Can be found in monkeys, chimpanzees, orangutans and pigs
Chilomastix mesnili
90
Chilomastix mesnili. Trophozoite Size: ___ in length
6-24 um
91
Motility: cork screw motility/ spiral boring/jerky/stiff rotary motility
Chilomastix mesnili
92
Chilomastix mesnili. Trophozoite. 4 flagella: 3 of it is found in the ___ and 1 flagella ____
3 in the anterior and 1 flagella running within the cytostome
93
Chilomastix mesnili. Cyst: Size: ___ in diameter
7-9 um
94
Chilomastix mesnili. It multiplies by ___ primarily in large intestine
binary fission
95
Chilomastix mesnili. Cyst it is the ingested form in humans from contaminated ___
soil
96
Chilomastix mesnili. The cyst stage is resistant to ______ and is responsible for transmission of Chilomastix.
environmental pressures
97
Chilomastix resides in the ___ and/or ___
cecum and/or colon
98
Chilomastix mesnili. Diagnostic stage: ___ Infective stage: ____
DS: Cyst and trophozoite. IS: Trophozoite
99
Chilomastix mesnili is identified through the detection of cysts and/or trophozoites in stool specimens, both concentrated wet mounts and permanent stained smears (e.g., _____?)
trichrome

PARASITOLOGY (15 decks)

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